Final

1) Gnostics

philosophical and religious movements important in the Greco-Roman world in the early Christian era, in the 2nd century. that the creator was imperfect

2) Cult of Isis

The cult of Isis offered redemption for lives poorly lived, healing, and protection at war

3) Decian Persecution

occurred in 250 AD under the Roman Emperor Decius

4) Edict of Milan

agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.

5) Edict of Thessalonica

made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.

6) Saint Augustine

He adapted Classical thought to Christian teaching and created a powerful theological system of lasting influence.

7) Burgundian Code

consists of two sets of laws, the earlier Book of Constitutions or Law of Gundobad, or Liber Constitutionum sive Lex Gundobada, and Additional Enactments, or Constitutiones Extravagantes.

8) Iconoclasm

the action of attacking or assertively rejecting cherished beliefs and institutions or established values and practices.

9) Nika Rebellion

occurred when the people of Constantinople revolted against Justinian's policies. To punish them, he had 30,000 executed in the Hippodrome.

10) Justinian Code

it rationalized hundreds of years of existing Roman statutes.

11) Five Pillars of Faith

meant to unite believers globally in fellowship.

12) Avicenna

the most famous and influential of all the Islamic philosopher-scientists.

13) Averroes

known for his extensive commentaries on Aristotle, many of which were translated into Latin and Hebrew.

14) Hegira

the first day of the month of Muharram.

15) Relics

the physical remains of a holy site or holy person, or objects with which they had contact,

16) Carolingian Renaissance

the largest western territory since the fall of Rome, he first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire. It

17) Charlemagne

he was responsible for uniting most of Europe under his rule by power of the sword, for helping to restore the Western Roman Empire and becoming its first emperor,

18) Treaty of Verdun

divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II

19) Feudalism

a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief (medieval beneficium), a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service

20) Manorialism

the most convenient device for organizing the estates of the aristocracy and the clergy in the Middle Ages in Europe,

21) Vassalage

it was a significant component of feudalism that helped reinforce class status, especially for the lords.

22) Peace of God

enables us to experience the joy that is not dependent on external circumstances.

23) Truce of God

a movement in the Middle Ages led by the Catholic Church and was one of the most influential mass peace movements in history.

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Chivalry

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.

25) Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and adventurer who traveled from Europe to Asia in 1271–95

26) Guilds

an association of people with similar interests or pursuits.

27) Journeyman

a worker who has learned a trade and works for another person usually by the day

28) Compurgation

the clearing of an accused person by oaths of others who swear to the veracity or innocence of the accused.

29) Trial by Ordeal

a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests

30) Trial by Combat

method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat

31) Unam Sanctum

affirming the authority of the pope as the heir of Peter and Vicar of Christ over all human authorities, spiritual and temporal.

32) Doomsday Book

a record of a survey of English lands and landholdings made by order of William the Conqueror about 1086.

33) Magna Carta

the first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government was not above the law.

34) Courtly Love

between the 12th and the 14th centuries, idealizing love between a knight and a revered (usually married) lady.

35) Holy Roman Emperor

ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

36) The Great Schism

conflict in the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417, when there were rival popes at Avignon and Rome

37) Investiture Controversy

a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops

38) The Cathari

heretical Christian sect that flourished in western Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries.

39) The Waldensians

a church tradition that began as an ascetic movement within Western Christianity before the Reformation.

40) Innocent III

HE reestablished pope’s authority over the Papal States, to recover the Holy Land, combated heresy in Italy and southern France, shaped a powerful and original doctrine of papal power within the church

41) Fourth Lateran Council

they ruled on such vexing problems as the use of church property, tithes, judicial procedures, and patriarchal precedence

42) Hanseatic League

o protect and control trade throughout the region. common trade tariffs and taxes for all of the merchant guilds it controlled.

43) Dante

considered the greatest Italian poet

44) Chaucer

one of the first great English poets

45) The Defender of the Peace

they introduced secularization by elevating the state over the church as the originator of laws.

46) The Black Death

bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353.

47) Hundred Years War

make both France and England determined to avoid the revival of such a struggle,

48) Agincourt

gave the English a success that repeated victories such as Crécy and Poitiers.

49) The Jacquerie

a Great Popular Rebellion Against the Rich Nobles of France. france experienced the biggest popular revolt in its history before 1789

50) The Peasants' Revolt

a turning point, enabling peasants together, to demand more freedoms from their Lord

51) Council of Constance

he Council was called to resolve all doubts as to the true successor of Peter, and end the Great Schism.

52) Conciliar Movement

a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope.

53) Predestination

he belief that God has predetermined who will receive salvation and who will not.

54) John Wycliffe

one of the medieval forerunners of the Protestant Reformation

55) Blood Libel

an accusation that Jewish people used the blood of Christians in religious rituals

56) Heresy

belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious

57) Auto Da Fete

the burning of a heretic by the Spanish Inquisition.

58) San Benito

a penitential garment that was used especially during the Spanish Inquisition. It was similar to a scapular, either yellow with red saltires for penitent heretics or black and decorated with devils and flames for impenitent heretics to wear at an auto-da-fé

59) Humanism

a doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on human interests or values.

60) Secularism

the separation of religion from civil affairs and the state

61) Individualism

the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.

62) The Prince

prince's main focus should be on perfecting the art of war.

63) The Printing Press

Typically used for texts, the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium.