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Digital Revolution

The shift from analog to digital technology that has transformed how we create, store, and disseminate information.

Convergence

The merging of previously distinct technologies and industries through digital transformation.

The Web

A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

Cloud Computing

The delivery of computing services over the internet, allowing for storage, management, and processing of data remotely.

Bits vs. Bytes

A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing, represented as a 0 or 1, while a byte consists of 8 bits.

Digital vs. Analog Data

Digital data represents values in discrete form, while analog data represents values in a continuous range.

Digitization

The process of converting information into a digital format.

Compression

The process of reducing the size of a file or data.

Lossy Compression

A compression method that loses some data, resulting in a reduction of quality.

Lossless Compression

A compression method that reduces file size without losing any data.

Image Resolution vs. Aspect Ratio

Resolution refers to the detail an image holds, while aspect ratio is the ratio of width to height of an image.

Pixel Interpolation

The method of estimating pixel values when resizing digital images.

Audio Sampling Rate

The number of samples of audio carried per second, measured in Hertz.

Data vs. Information

Data are raw facts and figures, while information is data processed and organized to provide meaning.

Bitmap vs. Vector Graphics

Bitmap graphics use pixels, while vector graphics use paths based on mathematical expressions.

File Size

The amount of digital storage space a file occupies, typically measured in bytes.

Easy of Editing

A characteristic of graphics that describes how simple it is to modify their attributes.

Resizing

Changing the dimensions of an image without altering its proportions.

Realism

The degree to which a graphic representation resembles the real-world object it depicts.

3-D Graphics

Digital representations of objects in three dimensions.

Vectors

Mathematical representations of shapes that can be scaled without loss of quality.

Rendering

The process of generating an image from a 2D or 3D model.

Ray Tracing

A rendering technique that simulates the way light interacts with objects.

Instruction Set

The set of commands available in a processor for programming.

Software

Programs and applications that run on computers.

Application Software

Programs designed to perform specific tasks for users.

Operating Software

System software that manages hardware and software resources.

Form Software

Software designed to create, manage, and control form templates.

Mainframe vs. Supercomputer

Mainframes are powerful computers for bulk data processing, while supercomputers are the fastest for complex calculations.

Server

A computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other computers over a network.

CPU

The central processing unit, the primary component that performs most of the processing inside a computer.

ALU

The arithmetic logic unit, part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Control Unit

The part of the CPU that directs its operations.

Clock Speed

The speed at which a CPU can process instructions, typically measured in gigahertz.

RAM vs. ROM

RAM is volatile memory used for temporary data storage, while ROM is non-volatile used for permanent data storage.

Virtual Memory

A memory management capability that creates an illusion of a large memory space using disk space.

Multi-Core Processor

A CPU that has multiple processing units (cores) that can execute instructions independently.

Storage Media

Physical devices used to store data, such as hard drives and SSDs.

Magnetic Storage

Storage media that uses magnetic fields to read and write data.

Optical Storage

Media that uses lasers to read and write data; examples include CDs and DVDs.

Solid State Storage

Storage that uses flash memory technology with no moving parts.

Cloud Storage

Storing data on remote servers accessed via the internet.

Storage Characteristics

Features that define how data is stored, accessed, and managed.

Volatile vs. Nonvolatile Storage

Volatile storage requires power to maintain data, while nonvolatile storage retains data without power.

Durability

The ability of storage media to withstand physical damage.

Dependability

The reliability and availability of storage systems.

Capacity

The maximum amount of data that a storage medium can hold.

Processing

The act of performing operations on data.

Serial Processing

Executing tasks one after another in sequence.

Pipelining

A method of overlapping the execution of multiple instructions.

Parallel Processing

Simultaneously processing multiple tasks to increase computational speed.

Communications Network

A system of interconnected computers that can communicate.

Communications Channel

The medium used to transmit data from one point to another.

Wired vs. Wireless

Wired networks use physical cables, while wireless networks use radio waves for data transmission.

Network Topology

The arrangement of different elements in a communication network.

Network Node

Any device connected to a network that can send, receive, or forward information.

Modem

A device that modulates and demodulates signals for data transmission over telephone lines.

TCP/IP

A set of protocols governing the connection of computer systems to the internet.

Private vs. Public IP Address

Private IP addresses are used within a local network, while public IP addresses are used on the internet.

DNS

Domain Name System, a service that translates domain names into IP addresses.

Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Connection

Symmetric connections have equal upload and download speeds, while asymmetric connections do not.

LAN

Local Area Network, a network that covers a small geographic area.

NIC

Network Interface Card, a hardware component that connects a computer to a network.

Ethernet

A technology for connecting computers in a local area network.

Communication Protocols

Rules and conventions for data exchange between network devices.

Physical Protocols

Protocols that define the physical means of transmitting data.

Transport Protocols

Protocols that manage data transmission across networks.

Arrival Protocols

Protocols governing the arrival and assembly of data packets.

ARPANET

The advanced research projects agency network, the early predecessor of the internet.

Internet

A global network connecting millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.

Backbone

The primary data routes between large, strategically interconnected networks.

ISP

Internet Service Provider, a company that provides access to the internet.

IXP

Internet Exchange Point, a physical infrastructure that allows different networks to interconnect.

Latency

The delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction.

Packet

A unit of data transmitted over a network.

Circuit Switching

A communication method that establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of a transmission.

Packet Switching

A communication method that divides data into packets for transmission over a network.

Jitter vs. Packet Loss

Jitter is the variation in packet arrival times, while packet loss is the failure of packets to reach their destination.

Internet Connection

The means by which a computer connects to the internet.

Fixed Internet Connection

A permanent internet connection typically using cables.

Portable Internet Connection

A form of internet access that can be used on personal devices without permanent installations.

Mobile Internet Connection

Internet access that allows devices to connect while moving.

Internet Access

Methods by which users connect to the internet.

Dial-Up Internet

An older form of internet connection using telephone lines.

Cable Internet

Internet access via coaxial cables used for cable television.

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line, a technology for high-speed internet over telephone lines.

Satellite Internet

Internet access via satellites orbiting the Earth.

FTTH

Fiber to the Home, a broadband service delivered to homes via fiber optic cables.

Web Server

A computer system that stores, processes, and delivers web pages to users.

Web Site vs. Web Page

A website is a collection of related web pages, while a web page is a single document on the internet.

Hypertext/Hypertext Links

Text displayed on a computer or other electronic device that links to another document.

URL

Uniform Resource Locator, the address used to access web resources.

Web Browser

A software application used to access and view websites.

Browser Cache

Temporary storage space on a user's device that stores copies of web pages.

Plugin vs. Extension

Plugins add specific features to software, while extensions offer additional functionalities.

HTTP vs. HTTPS

HTTP is the protocol for transferring web pages, while HTTPS is secure HTTP.

Cookies

Data sent by a web server to a browser, stored on the user's device.

Dynamic vs. Static Web Page

Dynamic pages change based on user interactions, while static pages display fixed content.

Client-Side vs. Server-Side Scripts

Client-side scripts run on the user's browser, and server-side scripts run on the server.

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language, a standard language for creating web pages.