DNA Technology

what are the types of artificial selection

selective breeding, creating polyploids

what are the types of selective breeding

inbreeding, hybridization

what are the advantages of inbreeding

you know what charecteristics you will get, can breed together two superior animals

what are the disadvantages of inbreeding

recessive gene disorders can be at increased risk

what is hybridization

breeding of two different species, offspring is infertile

what is a polyploid

a mutation (artificial or natural) that multiplies the number of chromosomes prodced, can make organisms larger and stronger

palindrome

something that is the same backwards and forwards

sticky end cut

a cut through hydrgen bonds that create a “sticky” tail

blunt end cut

a cut only through polydiester bonds

restriction site

the site where restriction enzymes cut the DNA

gel electrophoresis

blunt cut fragments of dna and place them in wells, apply current

is DNA + or -

negative

what types of fragments move faster

small

what is a DNA fngerprint

a unique series of fragments created by DNA

what is RFLP

a restriction enxyme will cut the DNA at a unqie spot, large and clean sample required, OG method

what is STR

portions of DNA are repeated by PCR and are unique to DNA, the sections repeated are intronshat

what does PCR stand for

polymerase chain reaction

what are the steps of PCR

DNA is heated - strands unwind, DNA is cooled - primers set down primers, DNA is slightly heated - polymerase makes new strand

how is PCR used to detectd covid

a small sample of DNA is taken and multiplied so even the smallest amount of covid is visible

what does CODIS stand form, what does it do

combined DNA index system, use DNA techinquees in crime scenes

what is gene therapy

replacing a faulty gene with a normal one

what is the knock out method

recombinant DNA is introduced outside the cell and “knocks out” the old DNA

what is the gene replacement method

a virus is modified to not give harm to the cell and is injected into the cell and replicated, the cells are then injected into bone marrow

what is recombinant DNA

the result of the combination of 2 different types of DNA

what is a plasmid

a circle of bacteria DNA

transgeneic bacteria

cells that take in recombinant DNA

what is a transgenic organism

an organism with recombinant DNA in it

what is transformation

combining of 2 different DNA sequences

what does RFLP stand for

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

what does STR stand for

short tandem repeat

What was CRISPR oringally used for

it was used in bacteria where it would find an infected part of DNA, create an RNA copy in CAS 9 and then be able to spot any other virus with the same sequence

How is CRISPR used now

CAS 9 is programmed to carry a certain guide RNA which will connect the protein to a certain strand of DNA and will cut it where the DNA is faulty, it can then create a guide strand of new DNA so that it can be rebuilt with teh sequence desired

how is cloning done?

a body cell from the animal you want to clone is taken out and fused with an egg cell which has had its nucleus removed. when they fuse the cell becomes a diploid (fertilized) and will divide to form an embreyo. the embreyo is placed in the foster mother

what gender can clones be

any gender, depends on the body cell

what was the humane genome project

it was a project to try and find out the sequence of DNA in humans where the HGP went against celera to try and complete it faster

what process was used to read DNA for the HGP

it was called the sanger method where pieces were sequenced letter by letter

how long did it take to publish the human genome

3 years