Chambliss_Chapter_3

Milgram obedience experiments

A series of famous experiments conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the 1960s, testing subjects' willingness to administer shocks to another person when instructed.

Belmont Report

A 1979 report stipulating three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Respect for persons

An ethical principle in human subjects research that involves treating individuals as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy.

Beneficence

The ethical principle that involves minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits to research subjects.

Justice

The ethical principle that ensures fair distribution of the benefits and risks of research among all groups.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A group that reviews research proposals to ensure the ethical treatment of human subjects and compliance with federal regulations.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A 40-year-long study where African American men with syphilis were knowingly left untreated without their consent.

Debriefing

The process of informing participants about the purposes and methods of a study after they have completed their participation.

Informed Consent

A process in which participants are provided with all relevant information about a study and voluntarily agree to participate.

Deception in research

A practice in research where subjects are misled about the true nature of an experiment, usually to simulate real-life conditions.

Confidentiality

An ethical requirement to protect the private information of research subjects by limiting access to their data.

Certificate of Confidentiality

A document issued by the National Institutes of Health to protect researchers from being compelled to disclose confidential information.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

A federal law that provides privacy protections for individuals' medical information, especially in research settings.

Nuremberg war crime trials

Trials held after World War II that exposed unethical medical experiments by Nazi doctors and led to the establishment of ethical guidelines for human subject research.

Obedience experiments (Milgram's)

Studies led by Stanley Milgram to investigate how far individuals would go in obeying authority instructions to harm others.

Prison simulation study (Zimbardo's)

A psychological study conducted by Philip Zimbardo to observe the behavioral changes of participants assigned to roles of guards and prisoners.

Ethics of research

Principles and guidelines that dictate the moral obligations of researchers towards their subjects and society.

Scientific validity

The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept it is intended to measure.

Research ethics

A set of ethical guidelines that govern the conduct of research, particularly concerning the treatment of human subjects.

Research misconduct

Unethical behavior in research, including fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.

Community impact

Consideration of how research findings may affect the communities or populations being studied.

Social media and research ethics

The ethical considerations and challenges that arise from using data gathered from social media platforms in research.

Informed Consent

A crucial ethical requirement ensuring participants fully understand the nature, purpose, methodologies, and potential risks of a research study, with voluntary agreement to partake without coercion.

Role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in Informed Consent

IRBs oversee the informed consent process by reviewing research proposals to ensure adherence to ethical standards, requiring clear communication of the study specifics.

Anonymity in Research

A critical ethical consideration aimed at ensuring that participants' identities are not disclosed, protecting them from potential repercussions.

Special Considerations for Vulnerable Populations

Additional protections and safeguards necessary when involving vulnerable groups, such as children or individuals in coercive environments, to ensure that consent is ethical and informed.

Confidentiality in Research

The obligation of researchers to protect sensitive information obtained from participants, implementing measures to secure personal data and comply with legal and ethical guidelines.