ESK Ch 1-3 Exam review

Discipline

A body of knowledge organized around a certain theme or focus that learned people consider worthy of study.

Kinesiology

The larger discipline focusing on all aspects of physical activity.

Exercise Science

The discipline focusing on evidence-based exercise prescribed by physical activity professionals.

Interdisciplinary

Knowledge from subdisciplines that must be integrated, not just looked at from several unique perspectives or disciplines.

Three Sources of Kinesiology Knowledge

Actual physical activity experience, scholarly study and research on physical activity, and professional experience in implementing physical activity programs.

Exercise

Voluntary human movement consisting of evidence-based prescription based on exercise science and kinesiology knowledge.

Training Exercise

Programmed movements performed for the express purpose of improving athletic, military, work-related, or recreation-related performance.

Health-Related Exercise

Exercise that develops or maintains a sound working body and reduces the risk of disease for the purpose of healthy longevity.

Cosmetic Exercise

Exercise that reshapes a person’s body for aesthetic reasons.

Therapeutic Exercise

Specialized and individualized movements performed to restore or develop physical capacities lost due to injury, disease, behavioral patterns, or aging.

Holism

Refers to the unity or interdependence of mind, emotion, body, and spirit.

Five Common Subdisciplines in Exercise Science

Biomechanics, Exercise Physiology, Motor Behavior, Sport and Exercise Psychology, and Physical Activity Epidemiology.

Evidence-Based Practice

Involves scientific research, professional and clinical experience, and the values and specific characteristics of the client to treat or serve clients.

Gross anatomy

The study of macroscopic structure of the human body.

Histology

The study of microscopic structure of the human body.

Cells

The fundamental units of life.

Tissues

Many cells that work together to perform a particular task.

Organ

Several tissues that work together to perform physiological or physical function (e.g., brain, heart, kidney).

Organ systems

Organs grouped by major functions (e.g., circulatory, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, skeletal).

Connective tissues

Tissues consisting of bone, blood, lymph, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

Epithelial tissues

Lining tissues that contribute to skin, body cavities, and glands.

Muscular tissues

Excitable tissues that create force and motion, classified as cardiac, smooth, or skeletal (striated).

Nervous tissues

Excitable tissues used for biological communication.

Skeletal system

Composed of bones, cartilage, and connective tissues that act as rigid levers, protect internal organs, and produce/store nutrients and blood cells.

Compact (cortical) bone

The dense outer region of bones.

Spongy (cancellous) bone

The internal region of bones with a three-dimensional lattice structure.

Diaphysis

The shaft of long bones.

Epiphysis

The ends of long bones.

Joints

Articulations between bones, classified into three anatomical types based on mobility.

Fibrous joints

Immovable joints such as the fusion of bones forming the skulls of adults.

Cartilaginous joints

Strong, slightly moveable joints often with a large cartilage structure (e.g., between vertebrae).

Synovial joints

Freely movable joints with large, fluid-filled capsules (e.g., shoulder, hip, elbow, knee).

Anatomical position

The standardized reference position for describing the human body and its movements.

Anteroposterior axis

The axis about which rotations in the frontal plane occur.

Mediolateral axis

The axis about which rotations in the sagittal plane occur.

Longitudinal axis

The axis about which rotations in the transverse plane occur.

Superior (cephalic)

Direction along the vertical axis toward the head.

Inferior (caudal)

Direction along the vertical axis toward the feet.

Anterior

Structures or motion toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Structures or motion toward the rear of the body.

Medial

Motion or position near the midline of the body.

Lateral

Structures or motion away from the midline of the body.

Flexion

Joint movement in the sagittal plane where anterior surfaces are brought closer together.

Extension

Joint movement in the sagittal plane where anterior surfaces are moved away from each other.

Hyperextension

Extension that goes beyond the anatomical position or some typical end range of motion.

Abduction

Joint movement in the frontal plane where a joint rotates away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Joint movement in the frontal plane where a joint rotates toward the midline of the body.

Internal rotation

Joint movement in the transverse plane where the anterior portion of a segment moves toward the midline of the body.

Pronation (forearm)

A specific term for internal rotation of the forearm.

External rotation

Joint movement in the transverse plane where the anterior portion of a segment moves away from the midline of the body.

Supination (forearm)

A specific term for external rotation of the forearm.

Circumduction

A complex combination of joint motions, often seen at the shoulder.

Muscle fiber (cell)

A cylindrical structure with multiple nuclei, constituting a muscle.

Endomysium

Connective tissue covering each individual muscle fiber.

Fascicles

Distinct bundles of muscle fibers within an individual muscle.

Perimysium

A layer of connective tissue surrounding each fascicle.

Epimysium

Connective tissue around each individual muscle, connecting with septa of muscle groups.

Tendons

Connective tissues formed by the blending of muscle connective tissues, connecting muscles to bones.

Parallel muscle fiber arrangement

Fibers aligned parallel to the long axis or line of pull of the muscle and tendon, favoring range of motion and speed over tension.

Pennate muscle fiber arrangement

Fibers aligned at an angle to a tendon or aponeurosis, creating more muscle tension than parallel arrangements.

Unipennate muscle

A pennate muscle with fascicles angled in from one direction (e.g., tibialis posterior).

Bipennate muscle

A pennate muscle with fascicles angled in from two directions (e.g., rectus femoris).

Multipennate muscle

A pennate muscle with fascicles angled in from several different directions (e.g., deltoid).

Active tension (muscle)

Tension generated from the interaction of microscopic myofilaments (actin and myosin) within sarcomeres.

Passive tension (muscle)

Tension generated from the stretch and recoil of all the connective tissue components of muscle.

Muscle action

The mechanical effect of activated muscle to contribute to movement, by acting to stabilize, shorten, or lengthen.

Isometric muscle action

A muscle action where the muscle acts as a strut or stabilizer without changing length (e.g., trunk muscles stabilizing the spine).

Concentric muscle action

A muscle action where the muscle shortens to rotate the joint and overcome resistance, acting as a motor.

Eccentric muscle action

A muscle action where the muscle lengthens, acting as a brake, slowing motion usually driven by an external force.

Muscle group

A set of muscles hypothesized to tend to create the same joint rotation based on anatomy.

Agonist

A muscle or muscle group that is the prime mover in a specific action.

Antagonist

A muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of the agonist.

Electromyography (EMG)

The amplification and recording of electrical potentials of activated muscles, indicating neuromuscular control.

Muscle synergy

A combination or cooperative activation of several muscles that best achieves a motor task.

Linked segment model

A biomechanical model representing a series of rigid body segments linked by joints.

Measurement (in exercise science)

Fundamental to professional practice and research in exercise science, ensuring credibility and guiding exercise prescriptions.

Test

An instrument or tool used to take measurements and gather data.

Measurement

The act of assessment to collect numerical information by assigning numbers to observations according to rules.

Evaluation

A value judgment placed on the measurement, involving interpretation of whatever has been measured.

Statistic

A number (datum) or numbers (data) calculated from measured data.

Statistics

Techniques that deal with the collection, organization, analysis, description, interpretation, and presentation of information stated numerically.

Nominal Scale

Numbers that represent names, forming mutually exclusive categories with no meaningful order (e.g., sex, race).

Ordinal Scale

Numbers with a characteristic of order (higher/lower) but no common unit of measurement between them, so data cannot be averaged meaningfully (e.g., ranking of sport teams).

Interval Scale

Numbers with a meaningful order and a common unit of measurement (equal distance between scores), but an arbitrary zero point (e.g., temperature, IQ scores).

Ratio Scale

Numbers with a common unit of measurement (equal distance) between scores and an absolute zero point, indicating a true lack of the measured attribute (e.g., height, weight, heart rate).

Norm-referenced Standard

Evaluates measurements by comparing them to the performance of others (norms) (e.g., 70th percentile on a vertical jump).

Criterion-referenced Standard

Evaluates measurements by comparing them to a predetermined standard or criterion (e.g., performing 7 or more push-ups to reach a Healthy Fitness Zone).

Validity

The extent to which inferences made from specific measures are appropriate, meaning the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Content Validity

Evidence based on disciplinary expert judgment that test items represent all important content areas the test claims to measure (e.g., written knowledge tests in exercise science organizations).

Logical Validity

Evidence demonstrated by the extent to which a test is judged to measure the most important components of skill necessary to perform a motor task adequately (e.g., assessing soccer dribbling skill).

Criterion-Related Validity

Techniques to demonstrate the correlation of a test of a construct with a criterion measure of that construct (e.g., using VO2max as a criterion for aerobic capacity).

Reliability

The consistency or repeatability of a measurement.

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient

A statistic used to measure reliability, with professionals generally desiring a value of 0.8 or higher.

Classical Test Theory (X = T + e)

A framework where X is the measured variable, T is the true score, and e is measurement error. The goal is to minimize 'e'.

Measurement Error Minimization

Achieved by assuring instrument calibration, trained testers, standardized procedures, and prepared participants.

Test-Retest Reliability

Assessed by testing participants with two or more trials or on two or more occasions to check consistency over time.

Internal Consistency Reliability

Calculated from a single administration of a test with multiple items (e.g., a multiple-choice test).

Equivalence Reliability (Parallel Forms Reliability)

Estimated by administering two forms of a test designed to measure the same construct to the same people and correlating their scores.

Criterion-Referenced Framework (for tests)

Used to make categorical decisions, such as whether a person passed or failed a test or met a standard.

Descriptive Statistics

Techniques used to organize or summarize a set of measurements (e.g., central tendency, variability).