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What is the lowest common oxidation state of certain metals mentioned in the notes?
+2
What is required to form M2+ ions from gaseous atoms?
The sum of the first and second ionisation enthalpy plus the enthalpy of atomisation.
Which ionisation enthalpy is dominant when forming M2+ ions?
The second ionisation enthalpy.
Why are the second ionisation enthalpy values unusually high for Cr and Cu?
Because M+ ions have the d5 and d10 configurations respectively.
What happens during the ionisation of Zn?
The removal of one 4s electron leads to the formation of a stable d10 configuration.
What does the trend in the third ionisation enthalpies indicate about Mn2+ and Zn2+ ions?
It shows greater difficulty in removing an electron from d5 (Mn2+) and d10 (Zn2+) ions.
What does the high value of third ionisation enthalpies for copper, nickel, and zinc indicate?
It indicates that it is difficult to obtain oxidation states greater than two for these elements.
Why is the stability of oxidation states complex and not easily generalised?
Because ionisation enthalpies provide guidance, but the problem is very complex.
Note 
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