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infancy

the first phase of development of the postnatal period

postnatal

Infancy is the first phase of development of the ____ period.

infancy

It begins at birth and continues till second year.

second year

Infancy begins at birth and continues till ____ year.

Freud

He explained that an infant derives pleasure through oral sensation and this behaviour contributes to the development of one‘s personality.

womb

Life starts long back in the ____ of the mother.

second

The time frame from the actual day of birth to the ___ year is generally considered as infancy.

1. Cephalocaudal principle

2. Proximodistal principle

3. Principle of hierarchical integration

4. Principle of the independence of the system.

There are four principles that are related to physical development:

4Ps

Cephalocaudal principle

Principle 1 of Physical Development.

• Sequence in which greatest growth occurs at top (head), working its way to neck, shoulders, middle truck, so on...

C______

Proximodistal principle

Principle 2 of Physical Development.

• Sequence in which growth starts at center of body and moves toward extremities.

P___m__d__l

Principle of hierarchical integration

Principle 3 of Physical Development.

• This principle states that, complex skills follow simple skills. For example, an infant first develops the control of fingers and then only he/she is able to integrate and perform the more complex action of grasping an object.

h___ i___

Principle of the independence of the system

Principle 4 of Physical Development.

• This principle suggests that, different systems follow different rates of growth. For example, development of nervous system, body size and sexual characteristics develop at different rates.

i___ o__ ___ s___

neurons and nerves

as building blocks of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

neural tube

The formation of the n___ t__ is beginning of the nervous system.

prenatal

The formation of the neural tube is beginning of the nervous system. This event takes place during the p___ period.

actual birth

Before actual birth many events take place in the context of brain development, however, brain development continues after a___ birth.

synaptic pruning

the systematic sculpting of the unused neurons or neural networks

synaptic pruning

In the process of brain development many neurons and neural networks are formed further, some gets stimulation from environment and experiences are survived and some do not receive stimulation and remain unused, these are removed.

myelination

located on the axon of the neuron cell

myelin

a cell which has wrap itself around the axon of the neuron cell

myelin

The function of the ___ is to accelerate the action potential for effective functioning of the neural transmission.

myelination

As the neurons are formed and located at their predetermined locations, the process of m____ begins.

multiple sclerosis

The best illustration of the importance of myelination is the

degenerative disorders like m___ s___, where the

myelin sheath degenerate and result in disturbances of

motor behaviour.

plasticity

a tendency of the brain to modify according to the experiences, plays a significant role in brain development

noticeable

Soon after the birth the various systems like sleep

cycles which are n____ and some systems which are

subtle like breathing are regularised.

regularized

Soon after the birth the various systems like sleep

cycles which are noticeable and some systems which are

subtle like breathing are r____.

rhythms

are repetitive, cyclic patterns of behaviour

rhythms

As the neurons of the nervous system become

more and more integrated the pattern of r____ becomes

more regular.

Rhythms and States

Behaviour becomes integrated through development

of various rhythms. Rhythms are repetitive, cyclic patterns of

behaviour. As the neurons of the nervous system become

more and more integrated the pattern of rhythms becomes

more regular.

states

An infant's s___ is a major body rhythm, which is a degree of awareness that infant shows to the inner and outer stimulation. These states range from awake states to sleep states.

major

An infant's state is a (major/minor) body rhythm, which is a

degree of awareness that infant shows to the inner and outer

stimulation.

• These states range from awake states to sleep states.

motor development; proportionately

At the time of birth the infant is not very p____ developed. His head is bigger and heavy to lift. His limbs are shorter. Bones and skeleton muscles are underdeveloped. However, the infant is still able to have some behavioural repertoires that are called as reflexes.

reflexes

unlearned, organised, involuntary responses to the stimuli

false

all reflexes remain life-long

true

eye-blinking reflex remains throughout the life

true

Swimming reflex extinguishes after some years.

controlled voluntary motor behaviour

the reflexes those disappear become part of the more controlled v___ m___ behaviour

one is gross motor skills and second is fine motor skills

The landmarks in physical achievement can be divided in to two types.

muscular development and strength

Infant in the beginning is not able to make movement

due to the lack of m____ d____ and strength.

three

Approximately after ___ months he could roll over independently.

six months

Close to __ months could sit with some support and latter could manage to sit without support.

8-10 months

By ___ to ___ months babies can start crawling.

fine motor skills

These skills help him to hold certain objects and explore his/her environment. In the beginning it appears very difficult for the infant to coordinate the vision, hands approach and hold an object.

three months

During these months, the infant can open hands prominently and is able to grasp certain objects such as toys and round shapes like ball.

eight months

During these months, infants are able to coordinate with his thumb and fingers.

visual-perception and visual-motor-perception

Infants’ sophistication in v___-perception and v___-m___- perception helps to develop his fine motor skills.

malnutrition

the condition which is said to be present in an infant when he receives improper and unbalanced amount of nutrition

obesity

said to be present when the weight is greater than 20% above the average for a given height

senses

Our s___ are the windows of knowledge.