Organic Chemistry IA - Functional Groups & Nomenclature

Alkene

Alkene

1+ carbon-carbon double bond(s).

Alkyne

A carbon-carbon triple bond.

What elements can be bonded with functional groups without affecting the identity of the functional group?

Hydrogen or R (any alkyl group).

Halide (Alkylhalide)

A carbon bonded with a X (any halogen).

Alcohol

A carbon bonded with a hydroxyl group (OH).

Ether

An oxygen bonded with two carbons.

Monophosphate

A carbon bonded to the oxygen in a phosphate group (PO4).

Amine

A carbon, hydrogen, or R bonded to a nitrogen with a lone pair (ex: NH3).

Thiol

A carbon bonded to a sulfhydryl group (sulfur hydrogen).

Sulfide (Thioether)

A sulfur bonded to two carbons.

Disulfide

A sulfur-sulfur single bond with each sulfur also bonded to a carbon.

Carbonyl

A carbon-oxygen double bond.

Aldehyde

A carbonyl (CO) group with the carbon bonded to a hydrogen (other bond can be H or R).

Ketone

A carbonyl group with the carbon bonded to two other carbons.

Carboxylic Acid

A carbonyl group with the carbon bonded to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group.

Ester

A carbonyl group and an ether group that share a carbon.

Thioester

A carbonyl group and a sulfide group that share a carbon.

Amide

A carbonyl group and an amine group that share a carbon.

Acid chloride

A carbonyl group with the carbon bonded to a chlorine.

Methane

CH4

Ethane

C2H6

Propane

C3H8

Butane

C4H10

Pentane

C5H12

Hexane

C6H14

Heptane

C7H16

Octane

C8H18

Nonane

C9H20

Decane

C10H22

Undecane

C11H24

Dodecane

C12H26

Alkane

A carbon chain with no other group that would make it another functional group; all carbon and hydrogen, all single bonds. (Ex: Hexane).

Two

Di-

Three

Tri-

Four

Tetra-

Five

Penta-

Six

Hexa-

Seven

Hepta-

Eight

Oct-

Nine

Non-

What is the IUPAC name for this complex substituent?

(1-methylethyl)

What is the common name for this complex substituent?

__I__sopropyl

What is the IUPAC name for this complex substituent?

(1-methylpropyl)

What is the common name for this complex substituent?

Sec-__b__utyl

What is the IUPAC name for this complex substituent?

(1,1-dimethylethyl)

What is the common name for this complex substituent?

Tert-__b__utyl

What is the IUPAC name for this complex substituent?

(2-methylpropyl)

What is the common name for this complex substituent?

__I__sobutyl

What is the IUPAC name for this complex substituent?

(1-methylbutyl)

What is the common name for this complex substituent?

Sec-__p__entyl

What is the IUPAC name for this complex substituent?

(3-methylbutyl)

What is the common name for this complex substituent?

__I__sopentyl

What is the IUPAC name for this complex substituent?

(2,2-dimethylpropyl)

What is the common name for this complex substituent?

__N__eopentyl

When do you use a functional group’s suffix?

If it is the top priority group in the molecule.

When do you use a functional group’s prefix?

If there is a group of higher priority in the molecule.

What is the prefix for carboxylic acid?

Carboxy-

What is the suffix for carboxylic acid?

-oic acid OR carboxylic acid

What is the prefix for ester?

Alkyloxy-

What is the suffix for ester?

-oate

What is the prefix for amide?

Carbamoyl-

What is the suffix for amide?

-amide OR carboxamide

What is the prefix for aldehyde?

Oxo- OR Formyl-

What is the suffix for aldehyde?

-al OR carboxaldehyde

What is the prefix for ketone?

Oxo-

What is the suffix for ketone?

-one OR ketone

What is the prefix for alcohol/phenol?

Hydroxy-

What is the suffix for alcohol/phenol?

-ol

What is the prefix for amine?

Amino-

What is the suffix for amine?

Amine

What is the suffix for alkene?

-ene (no matter if it is priority or not)

What is the suffix for alkyne?

-yne (no matter if it is priority or not)

What is the prefix for ether?

Alkoxy- (based on the simplest alkyl group attached to ether oxygen; for example, -OCH3 is a __meth__oxy group; -O-CH2CH3 is an __eth__oxy group)

What is the suffix for ether?

Ether

What is the prefix for halide?

Fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, OR iodo- (depends on the halide).

What is the suffix for halide?

N/A

What is the prefix for alkane?

Alkyl- (based on the chain length of alkane).

What is the suffix for alkane?

-ane.

Which functional group has the highest priority?

Carboxylic Acid

Which functional group has the second highest priority?

Ester

Which functional group has the third highest priority?

Amide

Which functional group has the fourth highest priority?

Aldehyde

Which functional group has the fifth highest priority?

Ketone

Which functional group has the sixth highest priority?

Alcohol/phenol

Which functional group has the fifth lowest priority?

Amine

Which functional group has the fourth lowest priority?

Alkene AND Alkyne

(Alkenes and alkynes are of EQUAL priority, with ONE exception. If there is a molecule containing both an alkene and an alkyne, and the two groups are equidistant from the end of the chain, the parent is numbered starting at the end closest to the alkene. If the two groups are NOT equidistant, numbering starts at the end closest to the alkene OR alkyne. Also, with molecules containing both an alkene and an alkyne, the alkene is cited first in the name, then the alkyne (since -ene is before -yne alphabetically)).

Which functional group has the third lowest priority?

Ether

Which functional group has the second lowest priority?

Halides

Which functional group has the lowest priority?

Alkanes