Arthrology

synarthroses

diarthroses

ampiarthroses

TYPES OF JOINTS

synarthroses

Joints united by fibrous tissue, cartilage or a

mixture of the two. Often termed immoveable joints

suture

syndesmosis

synchondrosis

symphisis

four types of synarthroses

suture

applied to the joints of the skull where the

adjacent margins of the bones are interlocked.

squamous

serrated

harmonious

three types of suture

squamous

suture where the edges overlap

ex. parieto-temporal joint

serrated

suture where the edges are irregular

ex. frontal joint

harmonious

suture where the edges are straight

ex. nasal joint

syndesmosis

Where the uniting medium is elastic

tissue, white fibrous tissue or mixture –

attachments of costal cartilages to each other.

Intercarpal

synchondrosis

where the uniting medium is

cartilage - sphenoid and basilar occipital joint.

Very few synchondroses are permanent. Cartilage

becomes ossified making synostoses. Intersternal

joints.

symphisis

applied to joints in the median plane. He uniting medium is generally ossified cartilage and fibrous tissue – symphisis pelvis. Mandibular

diarthroses

those which possess the following features:

-a joint cavity

-a joint capsule with synovial membrane

-mobility

ginglymus

arthrodia

trochoid

enarthroses

Classification of diarthrodial joints

ginglymus

hinge joint, elbow

arthrodia

gliding joint, intercarpals

trochoid

pivot joint, atlanto-axial

enarthroses

ball and socket joint, hip

articular surface

articular cartilage

articular capsule

ligaments

artcular disc and minidisc

marginal cartilages

PART OF ELEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

articular surface

formed by specially dense bone, in most cases,

Smooth

In some case articular surface is interrupted by non articular cavities

artcular cartilage

-          hylaine cartilage forms cover on articular surface of bone

-          non-vascular and bluish in fresh state

-          function is to reduce friction

artcular capsule

In form, it is a tube the ends of which are the joint surfaces 

External fibrous tissue ( capsular ligament)

Internal synovial membrane

artcular capsule components

external fibrous tissue

Thin or thick (with cartilage or bone in few cases)

If absent, tendon passing over capsules takes it place and tendon inner surface is covered with synovial layer.

synovial membrane

-          Thin and richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves.

-          Fold and villi are frequently seen

-          Secretion of lubricating synovial fluid

ligaments

-          made (usually) of white fibrous tissue

-          pliable but practically inelastic Subtypes based on location

Extra capsular (periarticular)

Intra capsular (intraarticular)

Extracapsular ligaments may blend with capsule

extracollateral

located on sides of capsule

interosseous

connecting directly opposed surface of bone 5

Articular disc and minidisc

Plates of fibrouscartilage or dense fibrous tissue palced between articular cartialges

Articular disc and minidisc

They allow certain surface congruent

They allow greater degree of movement

Reduction of concussion

marginal cartilages

Ring of fibroucartilage on circling the rim of an articular cartilage 

marginal cartilages

- enlarges cavity - prevents fracture of margin.

Ampiarthroses

Joints which have both synarthrodial and

diarthrodial features – intercentral vertebral joints.

TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT

VERTEBRAE

COSO-CHONDRAL

CHONDRO-STERNAL

INTERSTERNAL

ARTICULATIONS OF THE BODY

TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT

Between ramus of mandible and

squamoous temporal bone on either side.

diarthrodial

what type is temporo-mandibular joint

Rotation

Gliding           

Retraction

Protrusion  

Hinge action

temporo-mandibular movements

articular surfaces

rendered congruent by an articular disc.

vertebrae

Movable vertebrae form two separate articulations

intercentral

interneural

two separate articulations of vertebrae

intercentral

Between the bodies

interneural

Between the articular processes

intercentral articulations

are ampiarthroses, the uniting media being ligaments and fibro cartilaginous discs.

diarthroses

Interneural articulations are ________.

antertransverse articulation

are diarthroses peculiar to Equidae. They occur between the transverse processes of 5^th and 6^th lumber, and between the latter and the wings of the sacrum.

atlanto-axial articulation

diarthrodial joint with trochoid filament.

atlanto-occipital articulation 

diarthrodial with ginglymus filament.

costocentral

costo-transverse

Proximally ribs from two separate articulations:

costo-central

between the head of the rib and the two adjacent bodies of the vertebrae

costo-transverse

between the facet on the rib tubercle

and the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number.

costo-chondral

The joints between the ribs and rib cartilage are

synarthroses.

2nd to 11th

In ox and sheep the _______ costo-chondral junctions are diarthroses.

2nd and 5th

In Pig the _____ are diarthroses

chondro-sternal

Between the cartilages of the sternal ribs and the sternum. They are diarthroses.

1st

In the horse the _____ pair of ribs articulates in a common joint capsule.

internal-sternal

radiate costo-sternal

two important ligaments concerned with chondro-sternal joint:

intersternal

The joints between the sternal segments commence as synchondroses, becoming ossified as synostoses.

ox/pig

The 1st sternal segment forms a diarthrodial joint with the body on the sternum.

shoulder

elbow

knee

fetlock

pastern

coffin jont

THORASIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS

shoulder

Between head of the humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula. Type: Diarthrodial Class: Enarthrosis –ballandsocket Movement:         Chiefly flexion and extension.

shoulder

Ligaments are absent from this joint.    Dislocation is prevented by: Muscles and tendons in the region Size of the head of the humerous.

elbow

Between distal humeros and proximal radius and ulna

elbow

Type: Diarthrodial

Class: Ginglymus -Hinge

Movement: Flexion and extension.

joint capsule

forms a pouch in the ocleranon fossa

synovial membrane

prolonged to the radio-ulnar joints; also under the origin of the flexors of the digits, and the lateral flexor of the carpus.

knee

A composite joint between:

(1)               Distal radius and ulna ( only radius in the Horse) and proximal carpals.

(2)               Intercarpal.

(3)               Distal carpals and proximal metacarpals.

knee

Type:     Diarthrodial

                       Class: Ginglymus and anthrodial

Movement: Flexion and Extension between the radius and ulna and proximal carpals.      The same between distal carpals and proximal metacarpals.

radio-carpal

intercarpal

carpo-metacarpal

Synovial membrane forms three sacs corresponding to the three joints: 

fetlock

Between distal metacarpals (metacarpus in the case of

the Horse), proximal 1st phalanx and proximal sesamoids. Type:                  Diarthrodial Class:   Ginglymus, arthrodial – hingegliding Movements: Flexion and extension.             Gliding in case of sesamoids

collaterals

intersesamodian

short

oblique

cruciate

straight

ligaments of the fetlock joints 

pastern

Between distal 1st phalanx and proximal 2nd phalanx. Type:              Diarthrodial Class:               Ginglymus. Hinge Movements:         Flexion and extension (limited)

coffin joint

Between 2nd and 3rd phalanges and navicular bone. Type:             Diarthrodial

Class: Ginglymus. hinge

Movements:  Flexion and extension

sacro-iliac

hip

stifle

hock

PELVIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS

sacro-iliac

Between the auricular surfaces of ilium and sacrum.

Type: Diarthrodial

Class: Arthrodial

Movements:    A small amount of gliding.

venttral sacro-iliac ligament

Joint capsule which is tight is reinforced by _______

hip

Between head and femur and acetabulum.

Type: Diarthrodial

Class: Enarthrosis

Movements: All those of a typical ball and socket

joint.

transverse acetabular

round ligament

cotyloid ligament

three important ligaments concerned with the hip

transverse acetabular

which crosses the notch of the acetabulum.

round ligament

runs from the sub-pubic groove to the fovea on the head of the femur.

cotyloid ligament

attached to a bony margin.

femoro-patellar

femoro-tibial

two types of stifle joint

femoro-patellar

between the trochlea of the femur and the patella.

femoro-tibial

between the condyles of the femur, proximal tibia and the interposed articular menisci, or semi-lunar cartilages.

femoro-patellar

Type: Diarthrodial

Class: Arthrodial

Movement: Gliding

lateral

middle

medial

three straight patellarligaments:

femoro-tibial

Type: Diarthrodial

Class: Ginglymus

Movements: Flexion and extension 

2

how many synovial sacs does joint capsule has in stifle joint

hock

A composite joint of three separate articulations:

(1)    Tibio-tarsal,

(2)    Intertarsal,

(3)    Tarso-metatarsal

hock

Type: Diarthrodial.

Class: Ginglymus

Movements: Flexion and extension. Other movements are negligible.

4

how many synovial sacs does joint capsule has in hock join

tibio-tarsal

proximal-intertarsal

distal intertarsal

tarso-metatarsal

stifle joint 4 synovial sacs