BTEC Applied psychology Unit 1. Exam revision

A binary construct you are either female XX chromosome or male XY chromosome.

Sex

A label, examples female and male that are often culturally defined rather than biologically defined.

Gender

Not having a fixed gender.

Gender fluid

Possession of the qualities traditionally associated with men.

Masculinity

Behaving in ways considered typical for women.

Femininity

Identification with a gender that does not match one's biological gender.

Transgender

Gender - a term that means either male or female

Binary

A term that suggests that gender cannot be split up into two distinct categories

Non-binary gender

Types of gender that are socially the norm ie male and female

Typical gender forms

Types of gender that not socially the norm ie metrosexual

Atypical gender forms

A condition where a person feels discomfort with the gender assigned to them at birth

Gender Dysphoria

What term means a physical or psychological characteristic that enhances an individuals survival and reproduction, and is thus likely to be naturally selected for, and passed down in the genes?

Adaptive

Which key researcher into conformity - undertook a lines experiment, which can explain NSI and ISI?

Asch

Which key theorist evidences Social Learning theory - BOBO doll.?

Bandura

Which approach emphasises the important of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural functions?

Biological approach

What term means learning by association, and occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned ( unlearned) stimulus (UCS) and a new neural stimuli ( NS). Pavlov?

Classical Conditioning

Which approach focuses on how our mental processes ( thoughts, perception, attention) affect behaviour?

Cognitive approach

What term means a superficial or temporary type of conformity where we outwardly go along with the majority view, but privately disagree with it?

Compliance

What is the general term for the process by which species change to adapt to their environment?

Evolution

What is the general term to describe how people remember details of events, such as accidents and crimes?

Eyewitness Testimony

Which term means in relation to research findings, the extent to which findings can be applied to the population?

Generalisation

What term means the particular set of genes that a person possesses?

Genotype

What are biochemical substances that circulate in the blood stream and only affect target organs?

Hormones

Which moderate type of conformity is where we act in the same way with the group because we value it and want to be part of it?

Identification

Which word means copying the behaviour of others?

Imitation

Which explanation for conformity says we conform to the group as believe they are correct?

Informational Social Influence

What is a deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct, leads to a permanent change in behaviour?

Internalisation

What is another term for behaviorism - classical and operant conditioning explanation?

Learning approach

What is the word for imitating behaviour of a role mode?

Modelling

What is the process that explains evolution whereby inherited traits that enhance an animals reproductive success are passed down in the genes?

Natural selection

What is the term in operant conditioning where a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus?

Negative reinforcement

What is term relating to the chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning?

Neurochemistry

What is the term in classical conditioning where one stimulus that does not produce a target response, though in association with an unconditioned stimulus it can become conditioned?

Neutral stimulus

What terms means an explanation of conformity that says we agree with the opinion of the majority as we want to be accepted, and gain social approval?

Normative social influence ( NSI)

What word means aspects of behaviour that are acquired through experience, learnt?

Nurture

What word means aspects of behaviour that are innate, biological, you are born with?

Nature

What is the primary female hormone, that regulates the menstrual cycle?

Oestrogen

What is a form of learning in which the behaviour is shaped by consequences - positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment?

Operant conditioning

What word means the characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment?

Phenotype

What term In operant conditioning is when a stimulus increases the probability that a behaviour will be repeated because it is pleasurable?

Positive reinforcement

What is the term for the consequences of behaviour that increases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated?

Reinforcement

What is the term for people who have qualities we would like to have and we identify with them?

Role model

What term means a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing, they are developed from experience?

Schema

What term is a key part of Darwins theory explaining how evolution is driven by competition for mates.?

Sexual selection

What is the general term for the process by which individuals and groups change each others attitudes and behaviours.?

Social influence

Which theory is a way of explaining behaviour through role models, direct and indirect reinforcement - key researcher Bandura?

Social learning theory

Which hormone produced in the testes in males, is associated with dominant behaviour and aggression?

Testosterone

Which term in classical conditioning, refers to the innate reflex response to a stimuli, ie salivating when presented with a bacon sandwich/food?

Unconditioned response

What type of reinforcement is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour, this is a key factor in imitation - SLT?

Vicarious reinforcement

Which researcher is associated with Operant Conditioning?

Skinner

Which researcher is associated with research into sex differences in jealousy, which supports evolutionary explanations?

Buss

Which researchers are associated with research that supports classical conditioning?

Watson and Raynor

What is the name for the explanation that proposes that we are born with certain character/behaviour traits which are passed down from parent to child?

Genetics

What is responsible for the production of a protein that causes the development of the testes and thus testosterone?

SRY Gene

What is believed to be responsible for aggression in males?

MAOA Gene (mutated)

What is 'cold blooded', planned aggression, goal directed, no physiological arousal?

instrumental aggression

What is the notion that some behaviour today is not adaptive because genetic changes over thousands of generations have proceeded much slower than changes in our environment?

Genome lag

What is - angry, impulsive 'hot headed' aggression, is accompanied by a change in physiology, increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Hostile aggression

What is the the time (Pleistocene era) and place in the past when an adaptation spread through the population as a result of natural selection?

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)

What means different areas of the brain are responsible for certain functions?

Localisation of function

What is the general term for chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons?

Neurotransmitters

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood and low levels have been implicated in depression.

Serotonin

What is a neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system?

Dopamine

What word means to change one's behaviour or thinking to fit in with a group.

Conformity

Who's procedure asked participants to identify which line matched the standard line?

Asch's procedure

What is a generalised (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralised) belief about a group of people?

Stereotype

Who's aims are these: If students are reminded of a gender stereotype (boys are better at maths and girls are better at art subjects), do they recall their maths and art test results incorrectly?

Chatard's aims

What hormone increases your heart rate, elevates your blood pressure and boosts energy supplies?

Adrenaline

What is the primary stress hormone that increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain's use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues?

Cortisol

The human mind can be compared to a computer with input, processing and output stages

Computer analogy

The norms and values that exist within any group of people, large or small.

Culture

A mental package of beliefs and expectations that influence memory. They can change (reconstruct) memories by shortening, rationalisation and confabulation.

Schema

When details are added to a memory to fill in the gaps to make recall meaningful

Confabulation

When parts of a memory are distorted to fit your schema, to make the memory meaningful.

Rationalisation

Pieces of stored information are reassembled during recall. The process is guided by our schemas so that we produce a "memory" that makes sense. (even if it is inaccurate)

Reconstructive memory

When part of a memory is left out, what remains is shorter.

Shortening

Stimulus that affects how you respond to a second stimulus

Priming / prime

The way information is encoded in the LTM

Semantic

We notice a stimulus (word, image, object, etc). More quickly when we see or hear a related stimulus first (primer)

Cognitive priming

We process a stimulus more quickly (or recall it more easily) because we encountered it earlier.

Repetition priming

We process a stimulus more quickly (or recall it more easily) because we earlier encountered a stimulus related to it in meaning (semantics = meaning)

Semantic Priming

We process a stimulus more quickly (or recall it more easily) because we earlier encountered a stimulus that is often paired with it.

Associative priming

Information stored in memory that describes the behaviours typical in a given situation, which we retrieve to guide our behaviour

Cognitive scripts

Errors in how we process information that affect our attention, memory and decision making

Cognitive biases

We pay more attention to (and recall more easily) information that supports our existing beliefs. We may seek it out and ignore contradictory information.

Confirmation bias

In explaining the reasons for other people's behaviour, we focus on their personal characteristics and overlook the role of the situation.

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

A tendency to assume that someone else's behaviour has an aggressive or antagonistic motive when it is actually neutral.

Hostile attribution bias

Knowledge of behaviours, roles, outcomes, etc, stored in memory tell us what to expect in a social situation and how to behave.

Memory scripts

Information stored in memory about which personality characteristics often go together, which guide our impression of other people.

Person perception

A trigger that allows us to access material in memory. Cues can be meaningfully linked to material (e.g. mnemonics) or can be indirectly linked by being encoded at the time of learning (e.g. external context and internal state).

Cue

In free recall the individual generates information without a cue. In cued recall, a cue assists retrieval of information.

Recall

A form of memory retrieval where you identify something based on previous experience.

Recognition

The activity of retrieving information from stored memory.

Remembering

The amount of information that can be kept in a memory store

Capacity

The length of time information can be kept in a memory store.

Duration

The process of converting information from one form to another so it can be stored in various memory stores and passed between them.

Encoding

Permanent memory store with practically unlimited capacity, storing memories for up to a lifetime. Encoding is mainly semantic (meaning)

Long-term memory (LTM)

Limited capacity store, encoding is mainly acoustic (sounds), capacity is between 5 and 9 (7±2) , duration is up to 30 seconds without rehearsal.

Short-term memory (STM)

Memory stores for each of our five senses, e.g. vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic store). Encoding in the iconic store is visual and and in the echoic store is acoustic. Capacity is huge but duration is brief.

Sensory memory

General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation, which predicts expected rules and behaviours

memory scripts