We the People (14th Edition) Chapters 2-4 Study Guide

"We the People" 14th edition (Essentials) \\ Federal Government 2305 Textbook Study

Both practices are directly connected to some of the crucial conflicts that led to te 13 colonies to declare indepence

Land removal from Native Nations; and Enslavement of Africans.

Colinists from _______ set up the first successful colony in __(year)__ , __(place)__.

1607 ; England, Jamestown Virginia

The number of Natives were quickly decimated due to

Smallbox brought by settlers, in which the Natives had no immunityl

Settler Colonialism

Immigrants seize land from the indigenous population and become the dominant population.

In the beginning, Britian's American colonies avoided most taxes levied in London until

Until debts and other financial problems forced the British government to search for new revenue sources.

The American revolution was caused by

The taxing from British rule of American colonies

___________________ Radicalized the Colonists

Political Strife

Britain's government granted the Politically Powerful ______ a monopoly on the ___

East India Company, the export of tea from Britain

The Tea company palnned to sell the tea ___

directly in the colonies instead of working through the colonial merchants

The ____ joined the ____, to protest the Tea Act

radicals, Elite

In three colonies, antitax Amercians protested the Tea Act how

by blocking the unloading of taxed tea resulting in it's return toBritain

The most dramatic Tea protest came to be known as

The boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

In response to the Boston Tea Party, the parliment was forced to

close the port of Boston to commerce, changed the colonial govt of massachusetts, and removed accused persons to Britain for trial.

enslavement

being owned and controlled by another person to profit off of labor

Profit from slavery

were critical and made it possible to imagine a future without the British.

enslaved labor was very profitable through

tabacco, rice, sugar, coffee, silver and gold

This state was the largest slave-owning colony in the north

New York

Although some beleived slavery was inhumane, it was accepted because

it was widely accepted because enslaved people were essential to sustaining the colonial economy

As the slave trade took hold, mounting tensions led to violent skirmished between

British soliders and American militia at Lexington and Concord that erupted into the Revolutionary War.

Black people were excluded from the Fouders belief that

all men were created equal

is represented as the key document from the Fouding Period

The declaration

What motivated colonists' desire for a stronger contral government leading to the Declaration of Independence

the desire of the colonists to pursure westward expansion against the wishes of King George and native peoples

the United States firt written constition

Articles of Confederation

Congress was given the power to

declare war and make peace, negotiate treaties and alliances, to issue currency, borrow money and to regulate trade with native nations.

The articles of confederation established a weak govt

reflecting their fear that a strong govt would infringe upon individual lberty

The US had difficulty conducting its foreign affairs successfully because

there was no national military and competition among the statnes for foreign commerce allowed the european powers to play them off against one another

Virginia Plan

Representation based on population of each state or the proportion of eash state's $ contribution to the national government, or both.

bicameral legislature

a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts

New Jersey Plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.

unicameral legislature

a legislature with one chamber

Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

Many northern colonies outlawed slavery after

The American Revolution War as blacks fought alongside the colonists

The omission of these words in the constitution, from embarrassment about protecting the institution of__

slavery, and slave

90 percents of the nation's enslaved people lived

in five states (georgia, maryland, NC, SC, and Virginia)

Slaves were counted toward the states population although

they were not citizens

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Extension of slavery

the south would like to see the practice of slavery extended to western territories. The north didn't want slavery in the west it threatened jobs.

During the Constitutional Convention, the delegates disagreed over how representation should be determined, resulting in

a bicameral legislature in which one chamber would be apportioned based on state population and in the other states would receive equal representation.

How was the debate surrounding the counting of enslaved Black people for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives resolved?

Northerners and southerners eventually agreed only three-fifths of enslaved people would be counted.

Framers wanted a new government that would be strong enough to

protect property from radical state legislatures.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Framers wanted 4 things:

1. a new govt strong enough to promote commerce and proptect property. 2. To prevent "escessive democracy" by allowing each side to limit the power of the other 3. Adding the Bill of Rights 4. To ensure this new govt wasn;t a threat, they created "separation of powers" and "federalism"

Separation of Powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments (central and regional)

Which branch was designed to be the most powerful

Legislative Branch

expressed powers

powers directly stated in the constitution

Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)

The clause in Article I, Section 8, that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers.

By granting Congress the power to create the lower federal courts, the Framers of the U.S. Constitution

The Framers indicated that they intended the new govt to be far more powerful than its predecessor under the articles of confederation

Under the Articles of Confederation, who ws chosen by Congress to preside over its sessions

The President, not the cheif executive of the national government

Parliamentary System

government in which the executive is chosen by the legislature from among its members and the two branches are merged

the supreme court is assigned jurisdiction over controversies between

federal and state laws / and between citizens of different states

Federal judge term length

Federal judges serve for life (until they die, resign, or are impeached)

Federal Judges

appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Article 4 of the Constitution

each state is prohibited from discriminiation against the citizens of or goods from other states of favor of its own

Supremacy Clause

Constitution, laws passed by the national govt is the supreme law of the land, and superior to all laws adopted by the state

Admendment

A change to the Constitution

Separation of Powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Since 1789, more than ______ amendments have been formally offered in Congress. Of these, only ____ were finally ratified by the states.

11,000 , 29 an 27 were ratified

The method adopted to maintain that separation became known as "checks and balances":

Each branch is given not only its own powers but also some power over the other two branches

Congress also has power over the president with its :

control of appropriations (the spending of government money) and the requirement that the Senate ratify treaties.

How does the Constitution limit the power of the national government?

The Constitution includes two key principles—federalism and the separation of powers.

The framers sought to establish a national government strong enough to act yet not so strong that it could pose a threat to individual liberties and freedom. Which of the following reflects these competing considerations of the framers?

The Constitution creates a president with the authority to negotiate treaties and grant pardons who shares powers with the legislative and judicial branches and is chosen through indirect election.

Federalists

• Property owners, creditors, merchants

• elite governs

• strong central government

• Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington

Antifederalists

• small farmers, shopkeepers, frontiersmen

• government close to the people

• strong state government

• Patrick Henry, George Mason, Elbridge Gerry

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

The antifederalist Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, argued that

in their speeches and writings that the new Constitution betrayed the Revolution and was a step toward monarchy

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Tyranny

Cruel and oppressive government or rule

For the Antifederalists, the great danger was the tendency of republican governments to

to become gradually more "aristocratic" , with members of the small group using their position to gain more power over other citizens

In short, Antifederalist feard the few would

tyrannize the many

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

How did the perspective of the Federalists differ from that of the Antifederalists?

While the Federalists supported a stronger national government, the Antifederalists favored limited government : -------------------- The debate between the Federalists and Antifederalists over the power of the national government led to compromises found in the Constitution that continue to shape politics even today.

While the Federalists ultimately prevailed, the Antifederalists had a lasting impact on the Constitution by making a persuasive case for the inclusion of

the Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and they aim to protect individual rights and liberties from government overreach.

Federalism

a system in which power is divided, by a constitution

unitary system

A centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government

intergovernmental relations

the processes by which the three levels of American government (national, state, local) negotiate and compromise over policy responsibility

expressed powers

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)

implied powers

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers

neccessary and proper clause

the "implied powers" clause located in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 of the Constitution. It states that aside from the enumerated powers given to the federal government, it also has the power to pass any law that can be traced back to those powers "delegated" in the Constitution.

reserved powers

powers derived from the tenth amendment

concurrent powers

authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes

police power

power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens

Full Faith and Credit Clause

requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

privilages and immunities clause

prohibits states from enacting laws that unduly discriminate in favor of their residents

home rule

power delegated by the state to a local unit of govt to manage its own affairs

Dual Federalism

the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments

Commerce Clause

The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.

grants-in-aid

programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government

categorical grants

congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law

Cooperative Federalism

a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as "intergovernmental cooperation"

regulated federalism

Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards

Preemption

the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack

states' rights

the right of states to limit the power of the federal government

Devolution

a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments

block grants

Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services

NEW FEDERALISM

attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants