Bio H Semester 1 Final

independent variable

the variable being changed

dependent variable

the variable changing as an effect of the independent variable

control variables

variables that do not change throughout the experiment

characteristics of life: MRGGORME

made of cells

reproduces

genetic code

grows and develops

obtains energy

responds to environment

maintains homeostasis

evolves over time

objective lens (microscope)

main lens; magnifies object

stage (microscope)

where the slide is placed

diaphragm (microscope)

adjusts light level; below the stage

light source (microscope)

provides light

ocular lens/eyepiece (microscope)

10x magnification

stage clip/slide clamp (microscope)

holds slide in place on stage

coarse focus (microscope)

moves stage up/down - low and medium objectives

fine focus (microscope)

moves stage back and forth - all objectives

magnification of low objective lens

4x

magnification of medium objective lens

10x

magnification of high objective lens

40x

magnification of eyepiece

10x

field of view using low objective lens

4\.5mm

field of view using medium objective lens

2mm

field of view using high objective lens

0\.5mm

prokaryote

small, simple organisms

no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

eubacteria and archaebacteria

eukaryote

larger, more complex organisms

contains nucleus that holds genetic material

animals, plants, protists, fungi

unicellular organism

rely on one cell to perform all functions

bacteria and protists

multicellular organisms

organisms contains different cells to perform different functions

animals, plants, fungi

autotrophs

make their own food

plants, fungi, some bacteria via photosynthesis

heterotroph

consume or eat other organisms to supply themselves with energy

animals, carnivourous plants, protists, certain bacteria

bacteria

prokaryotic

unicellular

hetero+autrotrophic

protista

eukaryotic

mostly unicellular

hetero+autrophic

fungi

eukaryotic

multicellular (exception: yeast)

heterotrophic

plantae

eukaryotic

multicellular

autotrophic

animalia

eukaryotic

multicellular

heterotrophic

taxonomy

the classification of animals by characteristics and genetics

binomial nomenclature

aka scientific name - first part: genus (name for family), second part: species (specific)

endosymbiotic theory

that eukaryotic cells resulted from evolution and combination of prokaryotic cells

evidence of endosymbiotic theory

chloroplasts and mitochondria conduct binary fission

similar DNA

similar size

electron transport chain in outer membranes

small like prokaryotes

prokaryotes appeared before chloroplasts and mitochondria through fossils

what kingdom?

fungi

spores, no obvious cell/nucleus

what kingdom?

protista

can be parasites, have mitochondria, have nucleus

what kingdom?

plantae

green (chlorophyll), chloroplasts, grid-like cell wall, nucleus

what kingdom?

animalia

red blood cells, no cell wall, round with membrane, obvious nucleus

what kingdom?

bacteria

unicellular, small bits, no nucleus

protons

\+1 charge

located in nucleus

neutron

0 charge

located in nucleus

electron

\-1 charge

located electron cloud

covalent bond

form when electrons are shared between atoms

ionic bonds

formed when ions bond together due to charge differences

entities formed after the big bang

matter, energy, space, time

evidence for the big bang

hubble’s law - the universe is constantly expanding from a single point

cosmic microwave background radiation

how the planets formed

gas and dust particles formed an accretion disk which formed into the solar system

polar covalent bond

bonds formed where one atoms is more electronegative than the other, sharing/unevenly distributing the valence electrons

electronegativity

the property where an atom attracts more electrons to itself; forming polar covalent bonds

electronegativity in water

oxygen is partially positive

hydrogen is partially negative

cohesion

water sticking to itself

adhesion

water sticking to other substances

hydrophilic

“water loving”, attracts water

hydrophobic

“water loving”, repel water

density in water

ice is less dense than liquid water because extra hydrogen bonds form when it is frozen, increasing the volume

ions in acidic solutions

low PH = high conc. of hydroxide ions \[OH-\]

ions in basic solutions

high PH = high conc. of hydrogen \[H+\] ions

pH range of acids

0-7

pH of basic solutions

7-14

products of mixing strong acid and base

acid-base reaction creates salt and water

pH buffer

special solution that controls the pH of a solution

neutralizes or maintains steady pH level

phospholipid bilayer

makes up the cell membrane

hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head

plasma membrane = fluid mosaic

mosaic = mixture of lipids and proteins in the membrane

fluid = its components (phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins) move around laterally

helps maintain its role as a barrier between inside/outside of the cell

extremophile

organisms that thrive in extreme conditions (weather, climate, pH, environments)

common trait between lipids

fatty, waxy, or oily

insoluble in polar solvents (water)

soluble in organic solvents

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharide (immediate energy use, eg. glucose)

polymer: disaccharide/polysaccharide (short-term energy storage, eg. glycogen)

additional use for carbohydrates

cellulose (eg. plant cell walls)

monomer of all nucleic acids

nucleotides

monomer of proteins

amino acids

functions of proteins

repair + build cells and tissue

helps body grow

enzymes - digestion, muscle contraction

messenger (hormones)

provides structure (keratin, collagen)

maintain pH in body

order or protein folding structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary (not in all proteins)

primary folding structure

the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein, a polypeptide chain

held with peptide bonds

secondary folding structure

actual “folding” occurs, the sequences of amino acids fold into either a-helix or b-pleated sheet

hydrogen bonds

tertiary folding structure

occurs in the 3d shape of the protein, either hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on the “r-group”

ionic, disulphide and hydrogen bonds

quaternary folding structure

NOT IN ALL PROTEINS

proteins consisting of multiple polypeptide chains

denaturation

when proteins lose its shape due to either heat, organic compounds, change in pH, or heavy metal ions

benedict’s test

tests for carbs

negative - blue

positive - green → red

iodine test

test for starch

negative - orange

positive - blue

bromothymol blue test

tests pH

basic - blue

acidic - green → yellow

concentration gradient

occurs when there are two areas of diff. concentration

diffusion

type of passive transport (no ATP required)

particles will spread out from a higher to lower concentration when there is a concentration gradient

solute

particles being dissolved (salt, sugar)

solvent

solution that particles are being mixed with (water, hydrogen peroxide)

solution

mixture of solute and solvent (salt water)

osmosis

the process of a solvent passing through a semipermeable membrane to balance the solute concentrations on either side of the cell (eg. water)

facilitated diffusion

diffusion occurring the the assistance of carrier proteins if the particles are too large or charged

active transport

typically from low → high conc.

requires ATP energy to occur

dynamic equilibrium

where the conc. of a particle is balanced but the particles are still constantly moving

NET movement of 0

free water

water molecules not attached to a solute

are able to move through the membrane

high solute conc. = low amt. of free water

hypertonic (plant cell)

plasmolyzed

water leaves the cell

isotonic (plant cell)

flaccid

balanced water conc. inside/outside of the cell

hypotonic (plant cell)

turgid (normal - since plants need extra water to survive)

water moves into the cell

phagocytosis

“cell eating”

a form of endocytosis (bulk transport) where large particles are transported into the cell

the cell membrane engulfs particles from outside

pinocytosis

“cell drinking”

a form of endocytosis where small amounts of fluid are taken into a cell’s cytoplasm into vesicles

receptor-mediated endocytosis

where receptor proteins on a cell’s surface capture specific target particles

exocytosis

“cell exiting”

where cells move materials from inside to outside of the cell from the vesicle to the membrane

homeostasis

the process of maintaining equilibrium in the body

allows optimal conditions for the body to operate at

endotherm

“warm blooded”

maintain similar body temp. no matter the temp. of environment

mammals, birds

ectotherm

“cold-blooded”

body temp changes with the environment temp

reptiles

endothermic reaction

absorbs heat, cools surroundings