ciliates & flagellates

ciliates

covered in cilia, most developed protozoan, cytostome (mouth), cytoproct (anus), macro/micronucleus

cilia

microtubule-based, hairlike organelles

motile cilium configuration

9+2 - 9 microtubule pairs on outside, dynein protein associated with each for movement, 2 in centre

non motile cilium configuration

9+0, no dynein motor protein

use of cilia

movement, some fuse to form thick cilia called cirri, feeding

filter feeding

prey is directed towards cytostome by cilia, which contains stiffer cilia that act as a sieve

sessile

attached to a surface

ciliates asexual reproduction

mitosis - binary fission, transverse/horizontal

ciliates sexual reproduction

conjugation, mitosis and meiosis, genetic variation, micronuclei swap

flagellates

up to 8 flagella, 9+2 structure, propeller like motion, macronucleus, asexual reproduction, mainly aerobic, feed all 3 ways

heterotrophic flagellates/zooflagellates

mostly aerobic, consume preformed organic carbon - converted to inorganic carbon, flagella used for feeding and movement

naked flagellum movement

propels forward

flagella covered in hairs

flagella is in front while moving - more efficient at feeding as it creates feeding currents so prey is drawn to flagellum base

raptorial feeding with naked flagellum

less efficient as less contact with base of flagellum, some covered in drawing pin like structures to pierce bacteria

raptorial feeding

capturing individual prey

choanoflagellates

only group with a collar of tentacles, single naked flagellum, attach to surface, most closely related to animals than other protists

photoautotrophs/phytoflagellates

own plastids, photosynthetic, aerobic, inorganic to organic carbon, uses flagella to move towards light/nutrients

synura

flagellates, golden/brown plastids, causes a lot of fish death - colony spins and swims as flagella stick out

mixotrophic flagellates features

have plastids, aerobic, can ingest prey, use flagella for movement and feeding, some are solitary cells, have few plastids and prefer prey, some form colonies, plastids dominate cell, prefer to photosynthesise