KIN 272 UMASS - Lab Practical #1

Simple squamous epithelium

Location: Alveoli of lungs & blood vessels

Function:Absorption and diffusion

Structure: single layer of flat cell

Simple columnar epithelium

LOCATIONS: Lining of the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting

ducts of the kidneys

FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption

structure: single layer of all rectangular cells.

stratified squamous epithelium non keratinized

Function: Protection of underlying tissue.

Location: Lining of the oral cavity

structure: multiple layers of flattened, squamous cells that do not produce keratin

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

structure: a single layer of cube-shaped cells, each roughly as tall as it is wide, with round, centrally located nuclei

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated

Function: Protection, secretion, and movement of mucus

Location: Linings of the respiratory passages

structure: a single layer of tall, columnar cells with nuclei at various levels, creating the illusion of multiple layers

Dense irregular connective tissue

Function: provides structural strength

Location: dermis of skin

structure: densely packed collagen fibers.

Hyaline cartilage

Function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms the costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

structure: composed of chondrocytes

Cardiac muscle

Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.

Location: The walls of the heart.

structure: striated branched cells

Skeletal muscle

Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control.

Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.

smooth muscle

function: contraction and movement

location: digestive system

structure; single spindle-shaped cells with a central nucleus.

blood

Function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

Location: contained within blood vessels

structure: plasma, eukaryotes, leukocytes, platelets

What are the antigens that determine blood type?

A, B, Rh

Where are the antigens located?

Antigens are typically located on the surface of pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as on the surface of infected cells. They can also be found in other bodily substances, such as allergens, and on red blood cells (in the case of blood type antigens). Additionally, antigens can be present in vaccines, which help the immune system recognize and respond to specific pathogens.

Where are the antibodies located?

Antibodies are primarily located in the bloodstream and lymphatic system. They can be found in various bodily fluids, including plasma, lymph, and mucosal secretions (like saliva and tears). Antibodies are produced by immune cells called B cells in response to antigens and are crucial for identifying and neutralizing pathogens.

What is agglutination?

Agglutination is the process by which particles, such as bacteria or red blood cells, clump together due to the binding of antibodies.

How to read agglutination test results to determine blood type

Type A: Agglutination occurs with anti-A serum but not with anti-B serum.

Type B: Agglutination occurs with anti-B serum but not with anti-A serum.

Type AB: Agglutination occurs with both anti-A and anti-B sera.

Type O: No agglutination occurs with either serum.

Rh Factor: If using anti-Rh serum, agglutination indicates the presence of the Rh factor (Rh+), while no agglutination indicates Rh negative (Rh-).

Erythrocyte

Does it have a nucleus? If so, what is the typical morphology? No Nucleus; biconcave disk

Does it stain a particular color? Red

General function: Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and to carry carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation

Basophil

Does it have a nucleus? If so, what is the typical morphology? Yes; lobed or segmented, usually obscured by granules

Does it stain a particular color? Dark purple or blue

General function: Role in the immune response, particularly in allergic reactions and inflammation. They release histamine, which promotes blood vessel dilation and increases blood flow to tissues, and heparin, which acts as an anticoagulant

Eosinophil

Does it have a nucleus? If so, what is the typical morphology? Yes; bilobed

Does it stain a particular color? Bright orange or red

General function: Respond to parasitic infections and to mediate allergic reactions and asthma

Neutrophil

Does it have a nucleus? If so, what is the typical morphology? Yes; multilobed

Does it stain a particular color? Pale pink, lavender

General function: First line of defense in the immune response, particularly in the fight against bacterial infections. They are highly effective at phagocytosing (engulfing and digesting) microorganisms and debris. Neutrophils also release enzymes and antimicrobial substances stored in their granules to kill and digest pathogens.

Monocyte

Does it have a nucleus? If so, what is the typical morphology? Yes; kidney shaped

Does it stain a particular color? light blue, grey

General function: They differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells when they migrate into tissues. Monocytes are involved in phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting pathogens and debris), the presentation of antigens to T cells, and the production of various cytokines that help regulate the immune response.

Lymphocyte

Does it have a nucleus? If so, what is the typical morphology? Yes; large spherical

Does it stain a particular color? Light blue, lavender

General function: Long term protection against infections;

B lymphocytes (B cells): Responsible for producing antibodies that target specific pathogens.

T lymphocytes (T cells): Involved in directly killing infected host cells (cytotoxic T cells) and helping to regulate the immune response (helper T cells).

Natural Killer (NK) cells: Part of the innate immune system, responsible for recognizing and destroying infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization to a specific antigen.

What leukocytes are classified as granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

What is the general difference between a granulocyte and agranulocyte?

granulocytes contain granules, while agranulocytes do not.

Which leukocytes are MOST abundant?

Which leukocytes are LEAST abundant?

neutrophil, which makes up 50-70% of white blood cells

basophil, comprising less than 1% of the total count. 

1. Who is a universal donor? _______________________________

   1. Why?

2. Who is a universal recipient? _____________________________

   1. Why?

A universal donor is anyone with O-negative (O-) blood because their red blood cells lack A, B, or Rh antigens, preventing an immune reaction in recipients of any blood type. A universal recipient is anyone with AB-positive (AB+) blood because they do not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies, allowing them to receive red blood cells from any blood type without a transfusion reaction.

Aorta

Aortic valve (aortic semilunar valve)

Apex of heart

Base of heart

Chordae tendineae

Circumflex branch of left coronary artery

Coronary sinus

Coronary artery (Right)

Great cardiac vein

Inferior vena cava

Interventricular septum

Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve)

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Papillary muscle

Pulmonary artery (identify as left or right)

Pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)

Pulmonary veins (there are 4, 2 from each lung)

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Superior vena cava

How does the myocardium of the left ventricle compare to that of the right ventricle?

The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker and more muscular compared to that of the right ventricle.

Trace the path of blood through the heart

Deoxygenated blood from the body returns to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cavae into the right atrium; pushes blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle; right ventricle contracts and sends blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries, which leads to the lungs; oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium; left atrium contracts, pushing blood through the mitral (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle and through the aortic valve into the aorta, which distributes it to the rest of the body.

Anterior cerebral a. and branches

Posterior cerebral a. and branches

Basilar a.

Vertebral artery

Common carotid a.(L and R)

External carotid a.

Internal carotid a.

External jugular v.

Internal jugular v.

Axillary a.

Axillary v.

Brachial a.

Brachial vv.

Radial a.

Radial v.

Ulnar a.

Femoral a.

Femoral v.

Great saphenous v.

What are the major differences between the structure of an artery, vein, and capillary?

Arteries have thick, muscular walls and narrow lumens for high-pressure blood flow.

Veins have thinner walls, wider lumens, and valves for low-pressure blood return.

Capillaries consist of very thin walls for efficient exchange of substances between blood and tissues.

Identify tunica externa; tunica media; tunica intima

Identify A, B, and C

What are the three main arteries that branch off the aortic arch?

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery

Pharyngeal tonsil

Lingual tonsil

Palatine tonsil

Spleen

Axillary lymph nodes

Mediastinal lymph nodes

What lymph nodes are located here?

Peyer's patch (ileum)

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Suprarenal gland

(gland)

Pancreas

Testes

Ovaries

Which organs/structures belong to the lymphatic system? Which to the endocrine system?

The lymphatic system: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and red bone marrow

The endocrine system: the pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland.

What bone protects the pituitary gland? What part of that bone specifically?

sphenoid bone. Specifically, the part of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland is called the sella turcica

What is another name for the suprarenal gland?

The adrenal gland.

What type of fluid do lymph nodes monitor/ filter?

lymph fluid

What type of fluid does the spleen monitor/ filter?

blood

What is the special name for the lymph nodes of the ileum called?

Peyer's patches

Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?

armpit region

abdominal aorta

brachiocephalic trunk

left common carotid artery