psych final

what are common ways to spot a lie

minimal eye contact, nervous behaviour, smattering, blushing, blinking

what do psychologists say reveals a lie

the face "cracking" and showing hidden emotions

motivation

the force behind the behaviour that makes us avoid some aspects of life and pursue others

what does it mean to seek homeostasis

moving towards a need-free or drive-free state

what did psychologists previously think about instincts, what now

thought humans were motivated by it. no longer think that

drive reduction theory

motivation stems from combo of reinforcement and drive

arousal theory

everyone has an optimal level we're constantly trying to reach

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

goal-setting theory

conscious goals cause motivation

self determination theory

people have an innate need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness to others (these increase intrinsic motivation)

Maslow's Hierachy

Psychological Needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization

where do they punish people trying to gather riches

new guinea

erich fromm's thoughts

a culture's structure shapes motivation so people benefit the culture

what are emotions made up of

subjective experience, physiological signs, behaviour

moods

extended periods of an emotional state

james-lange theory

emotions occur after our peripheral nervous system reacts and central nervous system interprets

Cannon-Bard Theory

physiological response and emotional response produced simultaneously

Alexithymia

inability to control emotions

Appraisal Theories

how individuals process and evaluate their situations with relation to how they feel

what does it mean if emotions are propositional

we evaluate and make subsequent judgements: "That person said that to make me feel insecure, I'm mad now"

two-factor theory of emotion (who and what)

schechter and singer. people must have both an autonomic physiological arousal and a social label to help them interpret their feelings

what did schechter and singer do

two-factor theory of emotion

how does gender and age affect happiness

everyone tends to be equally happy

what are the universally expressed emotions

surprise fear anger disgust happiness

when did meditation start

1500 BCE

can meditation change the brain

yes, grows brain associated with positive emotion

health psych

study of how psychological influences affect human vitality, make them ill, or affect illness

what did ancient china, india, egypt, greece say about disease

disfavor of gods

humoral theory of illness (who and what)

ancient greeks. disease occurs when blood, phlegm, and black/yellow bile become unbalanced

what did they think in europe middle ages

leprosy and black death viewed as god's punishment

how many did black death kill

25 percent of europeans

what did descartes say

mind and body completely separate entities

did freud say the mind could affect illness

yes

biopsychosocial model of health

modern. attributes disease to the relationships between biological, psychological, and sociological factors

stress

the challenge a person faces when forced to adapt to inner and outer threat and demands, both perceived and real

eustress

healthy stress, positive feelings

distress

negative stress

walter cannon

argued stress causes fight or flight, and then if there's no danger health may decline

hans seyle

general adaptation syndrom

General Adaptation Syndrome

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

holmes rahe scale

measures the stress of common life events (spouse death \#1)

how can stress impact you physically

headaches, backaches, colds, depression, cancer

kurt lewin (1935)

four types of internal conflict

approach-approach

choosing between two good things

avoidance-avoidance

choosing between two bad things

approach-avoidance

choosing a goal with pros and cons

double approach-avoidance

two choices that both have pros and cons

problem focused coping mechanism

changing the situation that's stressing you

emotion focused coping mechnisms

changing thoughts about a given situation

social support

effective, lower risk of illness

buffering hypothesis

social support provides a buffer against harmful effects of stress

personality

organized set of characteristics that make an individual different from others and influences their behaviours and thoughts

freud's first model

topographic model that mental processes are made up of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

ambivalance

conflicting thoughts and motives

instinct model

driven by basic drives of life (pleasure) and death (competition)

structural model

id, superego, ego. replaces topographic

when was cognitive-social a thing

1960s

problem with cognitive-social

relies too heavily on rational thought

what does cognitive-social centre on

judging, thinking, info processing

george kelly

personal construct: mental pictures of things. individuals interpret world differently

Behaviour-outcome expectancy

A belief that a certain behaviour will lead to a particular outcome.

self efficiency theory

personal notion of how they'll perform

some experts argue self-efficiency expectencies...

are more important to predicting individual's actions

self-regulation

setting goals, judging performance, adjusting goals

gordon allport

traits are: observed tendency to act/think in a certain way and underlying aspect of personality leading towards thoughts/actions

how many traits did they find from dictionary

18,000+

what did hans eysenck do

three categories: extraversion-introversion, emotional stability-neuroticism, psychoticism-impulse control

what are the big five from five factor model

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

temperament

basic disposition influenced by our genes

what trait stays similar throughout life

fear/inhibition

person-by-situation interactions

people behave differently in different situations

humanistic

looks at areas of personality most unique to humans

carl rogers

people generally good, personalities distort in childhood. true self vs false self

self concept vs ideal self (and who)

rogers. perception about oneself, what person should be

actualizing tendency (and who)

rogers. desire to reach human needs, similar to maslow

culture pattern approach

individual personality reflects cultural practices

abnormal psychology

study of abnormal behaviour and thoughts, seeking to understand and correct

mental disorders

persistent abnormal functioning

HIDES

Helping seeking Irrationality Deviance Emotional distress Significant impairment

which parts of HIDES most helpful

emotional distress and significant impairment

DSM-5 info

fifth edition since 2013

ICD-10 info

under revision until 2018, identifies about 300

what is anxiety a combo of

subjective experiences, behavioural responses, physiological responses

why anxiety, according to freud

repressed childhood threats

generalized anxiety

daily anxiety for 6+ months

phobias

irrational, people might be genetically predisposed

agoraphobia

fear of being in a place one cannot escape

OCD

persistent thoughts and repetitive behaviour

OCD in film

rain man - raymond rabbitt autistic ocd

what might cause ocd?

insecurity in uncertain world

anxiety disorder treatments

therapy, medication, relaxation techniques

famous person who had depression

lincoln

how long sadness last to be major depression

two weeks

percent of pop. with depression

6

percent of people suffering from depression who will experience it again

50

bipolar disorder

episodes of mania and major depression

mania symptoms

euphoria, less sleep, racing thoughts, risky behaviour

when do personality disorders arise

childhood and adolescence

what causes personality disorders

relationship with parents, personality, genetics

personality disorders

disturbances in the way they relate to the world and others