UConn Bio 1107 Final Review

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

Specialized collection of differnet tissues that work together as a unit

Organ system

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Allosteric regulation of an enzyme

When something binds to a place other than the active site

Competitive inhibition

mimics the substrate, competing for the active site along with substrate. Once inhibitor binds, the substrate cannot do its job.

Structure of Carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Structure of lipids

They are long fatty acids attached together to make long chains.

Structure of proteins

composed of amino acids

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

Tertiary structure

Folding of the whole protein, using covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds, and Van Der Waals forces. Most proteins stop here!

quarternary structure

2 or more polypeptides interact (collagen and hemoglobin)

Complimentary DNA—how its paired, copied, know about 5' 3' ends

A pairs with T, C pairs with G. Copied into mRNA and then transcribed into proteins. One 5' and 3' end per DNA strand

sodium-potassium pump

Example of active transport. Molecules moving up their concentration gradient

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Does not use energy from the cell (passive transport)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water (passive)

Passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, molecules move down their concentration gradient

Active transport

Molecules move up their concentration gradient (USES energy from the cell)

Electron Transport chain—how is oxygen involved

Electrons combine with hydrogen and oxygen to create water, a bi product of cellular respiration

Oxidizing agent

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.

Reducing agent

The electron donor in a redox reaction.

order of cellular respiration

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen. Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentation

Glycolysis

occurs in the cytoplasm , begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate

Hypotonic

water moves into the cell

Hypertonic

Water moves out of the cell

Isotonic

Water moves in an out of the cell at the same rate as

Homologous chromosomes

Refers to chromosomes in which one set comes from mom and one set comes from dad.

Benign tumor

Is not cancerous, non invasive or harmful. Won't spread

Malignant tumor

Is cancerous and can spread

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil "CUT" pyramid

Prokayrotes

no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles. Has DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, and possible cell walls

Eukaryotes

have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Lysosomes

Stomach of the cell, breaks down the stuff that the cell eats

Ribosomes

Produce proteins. In BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Golgi

Processes and packages proteins so cell can use. Looks similar to ER and is part of the endomembrane system

Organelles in prokaryotic cells

DNA, ribosomes, possibly cell walls, NO membrane bound organelles

Organelles in eukaryotic cells

Nucleus, DNA, ribosomes, all membrane bound organelles

function of small intestine

digestion and absorption of nutrients—infoldings which are made up of villi and microvilli

Digested in the small intestine

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

LAC and TRP operons

LAC turns on lactose when lactose is present. TRP turns off tryptophan when tryptophan is present

Acetylating histones

Adds acetyle groups —DNA uncoils

methylating histones

Adds methyl groups. DNA gets coiled up really tight. DNA cannot be transcribed/translated

Atrial systole

contraction of the atria. Atrioventricular valves open. Semilunar closed.

ventricular systole

contraction of ventricles. Atrioventricular valves closed. Semilunar open

Fast twitch muscle

Brief rapid muscle contractions (eye/hand) mainly fast twitch shorten muscle fibers

Slow twitch muscle

Longer contractions

Glycolytic muscle fibers

Longer diameter, less myoglobin, uses glycolysis for ATP

Oxidative muscle fibers

Lots of myoglobin (dark meat)

Insulin regulation

High blood sugar—pancreas secrete insulin. Insulin tells body to take in glucose from blood. Tells liver to store glucose as glycogen. Low blood sugar—pancreas secrete insulin glucagon. Glucagon tells liver to release glycogen to raise blood sugar levels

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose stored in liver through dehydration synthesis

Glucagon

Hormone secreted by pancreas. Tells liver to release glycogen

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Protein synthesis

Know protein sheet—3 codons=1 protein

autoimmune disease

Immune system attacks itself

Antigen

Anything that can cause a reaction or response

Antibody

Made by B cells to fight antigens

Artery

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Capillary

Smallest blood vessels, diffusion of oxygen occurs here (body cells pick up oxygen and drop of CO2)

vein

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Valves

Semilunar and atrioventricular valve

Pulmonary artery

only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary vein

only vein that carries oxygenated blood

Pulmonary circulation

Loop that goes heart—lungs—heart

Systemic circulation

Heart—body—heart

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

Cohesion and water molecules

Cohesion means water molecules stick to each other. Cohesion results from hydrogen bonds.TO itself

Adhesion

The clinging of one substance to another-to NONSELF

Lysosomes

Stomach of the cell, breaks down stuff the cell eats

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

SER

Has no ribosomes, makes lipids, detoxes drugs/poison, stores calcium, causes muscle contractions

RER

Has ribosomes. Where the proteins stuck in the membrane are made.

Hydrolytic enzymes

Made by RER and then transferred to Golgi for further processing

Ionic bonds

An atom gives up an electron making one atom positive and one negative

Covalent bond

Type of strong chemical bonds in which atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

Hydrogen bond

Non covalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative ion

induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis

the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site

Activation energy

The amount of energy that reactions must absorb before a chemical reaction starts

Delta G

change in free energy

Endergonic

A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

Exergonic

releases energy, spontaneous

Substrate level phosphorylation

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

Krebs cycle

Acytel CoA gets broke down. CO2 and enzymes released CO2 given off carbons lost/broken down by enzymes

oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Haploid

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. (2n)

Gametes

Sperm and egg cells. 23 chromosomes, haploid, made by meiosis

Blood typing alleles

IAIA, IAi, IBIB, IBi, ii

Mitosis phases

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

Nucleus disappears, chromosomes pair, condense, and become visible. Spindle fibers form from centrioles

Metaphase

Chromosome line up down the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the chromosomes.

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosomes.

Meiosis phases

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

Prophase 1

Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.