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Social Facts
Ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside the individual but shape behavior and beliefs in society.
Quantitative Data
Numerical data that can be measured and counted, aiding in finding patterns and averages.
Qualitative Data
Descriptive data exploring attitudes, behaviors, and experiences to provide deeper insights.
Standpoint
The perspective shaped by social position and experiences, crucial for understanding societal viewpoints.
Public Sociology
Bringing sociological insights to the public to engage with social issues, exemplified by Jane Addams.
Sociological Imagination
Ability to connect personal experiences with larger social structures, as described by C. Wright Mills.
Structural Functionalism
Focuses on how society's parts work together to maintain stability and order.
Conflict Theory
Emphasizes power and inequality's role in shaping society through conflicts between groups.
Symbolic Interactionism
Studies how people create and interpret meanings through social interactions.
Empirical Inquiry
Using direct observation or experience to investigate and understand social phenomena.
Data
Information collected to enhance understanding, like counting toys to know the quantity.
Correlation
When two events occur together, such as rain leading to more puddles.
Peer Review
Evaluation of work by others for quality, like a teacher reviewing a drawing.
Sociological Theory
Concepts explaining human behavior, like understanding why people like ice cream.
Causation
One event causing another, like pushing a ball to make it roll.
Informed Consent
Permission sought before studying someone, akin to asking a friend to play with their toy.
Sociological Research Methods
Approaches to studying human behavior, like observing friends playing.
Spurious
False appearance of a relationship, like thinking a red shirt makes you faster.
Confidentiality
Keeping information private, such as not sharing a friend's secret.
Qualitative Research Methods
Techniques using words and images for study, like storytelling.
Generalizable
Knowledge applicable to various groups, like assuming all kids love ice cream.
Vulnerable Populations
Groups needing extra care, like young children or the elderly.
Quantitative Research Methods
Approaches using numbers for study, like counting apples in a basket.
Academic Literature
Books and papers sharing research findings, like scholarly publications.
Institutional Review Board
Group ensuring studies are conducted ethically and safely, like teachers overseeing fair play.
Negative Correlation
One factor increasing while another decreases, like more rain leading to fewer kids at the playground.
Positive Correlation
Two factors increasing or decreasing together, like more sunshine correlating with more outdoor play.
Research Ethics
Guidelines ensuring fair and kind study practices, akin to playing nicely and sharing.
Social Constructs
Concepts shaped by society, not inherently natural, like gender roles or money.
Social Structures
Enduring patterns shaping human behavior, emerging from shared ideas and relationships in society.
Interpersonal Socialization
Direct interactions influencing individual beliefs and behaviors.
Self-Socialization
Internal processes shaping personal identity and self-concept.
Subculture
A group within a larger culture that shares distinct norms, values, and practices, formed through common interests or experiences.
Social Ties
Connections between individuals based on social interactions.
Social Networks
Structures of relationships and connections between individuals or groups within a society.
Homophily
The tendency for people to form social connections with similar others, reinforcing cultural norms within social networks.
Social Network Analysis
Examining patterns of relationships and interactions between individuals or groups to understand social structures and behaviors.
Media Socialization
Influencing cultural values, beliefs, and behaviors through mass communication channels.
Cultured Physiques
Physical appearances and body norms influenced by cultural ideals.
Cultured Capacities
Skills, knowledge, and abilities valued within a culture.
Cultural Conditioning
The process of internalizing and conforming to cultural norms and expectations.
Biosocial Research Methods
Integrating biological and social factors to study human behavior and social phenomena.
Cultural as Value Thesis
Views cultural beliefs as reflecting shared values within a society, guiding behaviors and norms.
Cultural as Rationale Thesis
Sees cultural beliefs as providing explanations for behaviors and societal arrangements.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's own culture, judging others based on one's cultural standards.
Cultural Relativism
Understanding cultural beliefs within their own context without external judgment.
Settled Times
Periods of stable cultural norms and social structures within a society.
Unsettled Times
Periods of cultural upheaval, social change, and challenges to existing norms.
Social Identity Theory
Explains how individuals derive identity from group memberships and social categories.
Distinction
Creating and maintaining boundaries between groups to reinforce social identities.
Stereotypes
Simplified beliefs about groups influencing behaviors and interactions.
Sex
Biological differences between males and females.
Gender
Socially constructed roles and identities associated with being male or female.
Intersectionality
How social identities intersect and shape experiences of privilege and discrimination.
Blood Quantum Rule
Determines Native American tribal membership based on ancestry.
Cisgender
Gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth.
Computational Sociology
Using computational methods to study social interactions.
Conspicuous Consumption
Purchasing goods to display wealth or status.
Content Analysis
Systematically analyzing communication content to understand meanings and impacts.
Controlling Images
Stereotypes shaping perceptions of social groups.
Stereotype
Pervasive ideas shaping public perceptions about specific groups, often portraying them in a positive or negative light.
Distinction
Characteristic setting a person or group apart, including visible markers like clothing or behavior.
Doing Identity
Ways individuals actively express identities through actions, choices, and self-presentation.
Ethnicity
Shared cultural heritage, including language, customs, traditions, and common ancestry.
Gender Binary
Belief in only two genders, male and female, excluding nonbinary identities.
Gender
Socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions, and identities for men and women.
In-Group Bias
Tendency to favor members of one's social group over outsiders or different groups.
Intersectionality
Idea that social identity aspects intersect to shape individual experiences and outcomes.
Intersex
Individuals born with sex characteristics not fitting typical male or female definitions.
Minimal Group Paradigm
Experimental method showing group distinctions leading to favoritism and discrimination.
Nonbinary
Individuals not exclusively identifying as male or female, existing outside the traditional gender binary.
One-Drop Rule
Outdated concept considering any African ancestry as Black regardless of appearance.
Positive Distinction
Perception of one's group possessing unique or superior qualities compared to others.
Prejudice
Preconceived opinions or attitudes about individuals or groups based on stereotypes.
Psychological Wage
Non-monetary rewards individuals derive from social roles like respect or perceived superiority.
Race
Social construct categorizing people based on physical traits to justify social hierarchies.
Sex
Biological characteristics categorizing individuals as male or female based on anatomy.
Sexual Minorities
Individuals with sexual orientations differing from societal norms like gay, lesbian, bisexual.
Social Identities
Aspects of self-concept from membership in social groups like family roles or cultural affiliations.
Social Identity Theory
Self-concept and self-esteem derived from social group membership and associated status.
Status
Individual's position in a social hierarchy based on factors like wealth, power, or prestige.
Stereotype
Oversimplified beliefs about individuals or groups based on perceived characteristics or social category.
Transgender
Individuals whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.
Unit 4
Learning Objective 1:Social interaction guided by social rules, involving communication and behavior influence.
Folkways
Informal norms governing everyday behavior.
Mores
Strongly held norms with moral significance.
Laws
Formal rules established by authorities.
Breaching
Purposefully violating a norm to observe reactions and challenge expectations.
Learning Objective 2
Theory of symbolic interaction & main elements of dramaturgy.
Ethnomethodology
Studying how people make sense of everyday lives and interactions.
Account
Explanation for actions like "I spilled the juice because I tripped."
Back Stage
Being oneself away from public view.
Face
Image or impression one wants others to see.
Field Experiment
Experiment in a real-world setting.
Folkways
Informal norms governing everyday behavior.
Front Stage
Acting a certain way in public.
Impression Management
Controlling how others perceive you.
Interpersonal Discrimination
Treating others unfairly based on who they are.
Laws
Rules made by the government.
Marked and Unmarked Identities
Noticeable vs. unnoticed aspects of identity.