Module 9 and 10 Chemical Reactions and Moles Diagram | Quizlet

Subscript

A number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ratio of elements in a compound

TERM

Coefficient

DEFINITION

A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates the relative number of moles of reactants and products involved in a reaction.

Molar ratio

fraction formed from the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation.

Avogadro's Number

number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23

Synthesis

A+B=AB

Decomposition

A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products.

AB = A + B

Single Replacement

A + BC --> B + AC

Double Replacement

a chemical reaction where two elements in different compounds trade places

Combustion

Burning. Oxygen gas is one of the reactants and water is one of the products.

Products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. On the right side of a chemical equation.

Reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction. On the left side of a chemical equation.

TERM

Stoichiometry

DEFINITION

(chemistry) expresses the quantitative relationship between reactants and products.

Excess reactant

The substance that is not used up completely in a reaction

Molar Mass

The mass of 1 mole of any substance. Must use the periodic chart to obtain this value by adding up the mass of all the atoms in the substance.

units: g/mol

Balanced Chemical Equation

Allows one to determine the mole ratio of any two substances in the reaction

mass of one mole of a diatomic element (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)

twice the mass listed for that element on the periodic chart

mass of one mole of a compound

the sum of the masses listed on the periodic chart of the atoms contained in it

Molecular Formula

A formula that gives the number of each atom that is present in any given compound.

Mole

the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance

6.022 x 10²³

Gram

Roughly the mass of 1 mole of Hydrogen atoms

Diatomic elements

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine

Polyatomic Ion

Covalent molecule with either has extra electrons or fewer electrons than the sum of the electrons in the neutral atom

phosphate

PO₄³−

carbonate

CO₃ ²⁻

Sulfate Ion

SO₄ ²⁻

Hydrogen phosphate ion

HPO₄²−

Dihydrogen phosphate ion

H₂PO₄¹−

Rules for naming molecular compounds with two elements

-Use the greek prefixes for the number of atoms in the subscripts plus the name of the element

-If there is only one atom for the first element drop the mono

mono

1 atom (prefix for covalent naming)

di

2 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

tri

three atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

tetra

4 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

penta

5 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

hexa

6 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

hepta

7 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

octa

8 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

nona

9 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

deca

10 atoms (prefix for covalent naming)

Naming compounds with polyatomic ions

Name of the metallic element + name of polyatomic ion

How to find the subscripts for metals and polyatomic ions in a salt

-Look up the charge of the polyatomic ion

-Get the charge of the metal from the name or the periodic table

-Use the criss-cross method.

-charges * sub must add up to zero

Hydrogen sulfate

HSO₄ ¹⁻

Hydrogen carbonate

HCO₃ ¹⁻

Bicarbonate

HCO₃ ¹⁻

Mass of 1 mole of an element in grams

Same number as the average mass of atom (decimal number on the periodic table)

Diatomic Elements

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

limiting reactant

The reactant that is used up first in a reaction

The reactant that makes the least amount of product

excess reactant

the substance that is not used up completely in a reaction

the reactant that makes the most amount of a product

amount of product of a reaction

determined by the limiting reactant

Incomplete combustion

When a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide as a toxic product.

Complete combustion reaction

A reaction in which enough oxygen is supplied when burning a carbon-containing fuel to produce carbon dioxide and water

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

pollutants that are produced when carbon-containing fuels are combusted with excess oxygen at high temperature

catalytic converter

A device that uses catalysts to convert pollutant molecules in vehicle exhaust into less harmful molecules

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Fuel Contaminants

nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds that are found in carbon-containing fuels that created nitrogen oxides or sulfur oxides during combustion

sulfur oxides

(SOx) Pollutants primarily created by combustion of coal. Primary and secondary effects include acid deposition, respiratory irritation, plant damage. Reduction methods include: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel.

stoichiometric balance

when a reaction is set up using the same molar ratios found in the chemical equation.

Molar Volume

the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP); 22.4 L