essentials of argumentation

PATHOS

Emotional appeal, used to evoke feelings such as love, fear, pity, anger, or jealousy.

ETHOS

Ethical appeal, refers to the credibility and trustworthiness of the speaker.

LOGOS

Logical appeal, involves the use of facts, statistics, and credible testimony.

Rhetoric

The faculty of discovering all the available means of persuasion in a particular case.

Dialectic

A debate intended to resolve a conflict between contradictory ideas, focusing on establishing truths on both sides.

Epistemology

The study of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.

Invention (Canon of Rhetoric)

The process of generating ideas and arguments for a speech or writing.

Arrangement (Canon of Rhetoric)

Organizing content in a logical and effective order for maximum impact.

Style (Canon of Rhetoric)

The appropriate language, tone, and manner of expression that suit the audience and purpose.

Memory (Canon of Rhetoric)

The ability to recall and effectively deliver a speech or writing.

Delivery (Canon of Rhetoric)

The physical and vocal presentation of a speech, including gestures and voice modulation.

Communication Apprehension

An individual's fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.

Trait Anxiety

An inherent tendency some individuals have to experience more communication apprehension than others.

Situational Anxiety

Communication apprehension created by a unique combination of audience, time, and context influences.

Cognitive Restructuring

A method aimed at changing irrational beliefs about speaking to reduce anxiety.

Demographic Analysis

Statistical characteristics of a population relevant to audience analysis, such as age, race, and socioeconomic status.

Psychographic Analysis

Analysis of beliefs, values, and attitudes of an audience that influence behavior and decision-making.

Logical Fallacy

A defect in reasoning that leads to false conclusions.

Syllogism

A logical structure that uses two premises to arrive at a conclusion.

Red Herring

A fallacy that diverts attention from the real issue by introducing an unrelated topic.

Slippery Slope Fallacy

An argument that suggests a small step will inevitably lead to a chain of related events culminating in a significant impact.

Ad Hominem Fallacy

A fallacy that attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself.