Psych 101 Midterm 2 (3,4,5)

Sternberg's Triarchic Model of Intelligence

A model that categorizes intelligence into three types: Analytical, Practical, and Creative.

Analytical Intelligence

The ability to reason logically; often referred to as 'book smarts'.

Practical Intelligence

The ability to solve real-world problems, especially those involving other people; referred to as 'street smarts'.

Creative Intelligence

The ability to develop novel and effective answers to questions, particularly in writing, composing, or artistry.

Cortical Density

Refers to the tight packing of neurons in the cerebral cortex, which is believed to correlate with intelligence.

Working Memory

The capacity to hold information in mind while performing mental operations, closely correlated with overall intelligence.

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Calculated using the formula IQ = (Mental age/Chronological age) x 100, it quantifies differences in intelligence between individuals.

Binet-Simon Test

The original intelligence test developed for the French government, which laid the groundwork for later IQ tests.

Reliability

The consistency of a measurement tool, referring to how dependable and stable the scores of an IQ test are over time.

Validity

The extent to which a measure truly assesses what it claims to measure, such as the accuracy of an IQ test in predicting future performance.

Flynn Effect

The observed rise in IQ scores over time, approximately three points per decade, attributed largely to environmental factors.

Eustress

A positive form of stress that can motivate and energize individuals, often leading to improved performance.

Distress

A negative form of stress that can overwhelm an individual and lead to adverse effects on health and well-being.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A three-stage stress response model proposed by Hans Selye, consisting of alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.

Cohort Effect

The impact of being born in a certain time period, leading to shared historical experiences among a group.

Nature-Nurture Debate

The discussion regarding the relative contributions of genetic heredity and environmental factors to human development.

Psychosomatic Disorders

Illnesses that are influenced by psychological factors, highlighting the connection between mind and body.

Type A Personality

A personality type characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a propensity for anger, which has been associated with negative health outcomes.

Resilience

The ability to adapt to stress and adversity; often observed in individuals who successfully navigate challenging life circumstances.

Cognitive Development

The progression of learning and development in areas such as perception, attention, memory, language, and reasoning.

Attachment Styles

Patterns of emotional bond and connection children develop with their caregivers, including secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachments.

Self-Concept

The awareness and understanding individuals have of themselves as distinct from others, which develops during early childhood.

Erikson's Eight Stages

A theory of personality development that outlines eight psychosocial crises contributing to personal growth throughout life.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions and the emotions of others.

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Howard Gardner's theory proposing that intelligence is not a single entity but consists of various types, including linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's capacity to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life in response to learning and experience.

Socioemotional Development

The process by which individuals develop the ability to understand their own and others' emotions, and how to respond to them in social contexts.

Biopsychosocial Model

A perspective that asserts that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness.

Resilience Factors

Characteristics or conditions that support an individual’s ability to adapt and recover from stress, trauma, or adversity.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.

Intrinsic Motivation

Engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding, rather than for some separable consequence.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engaging in behavior to earn external rewards or avoid punishment.

Emotional Regulation

The ability to monitor, evaluate, and change emotional reactions in order to maintain psychological well-being.

Learning Styles

Different ways in which individuals prefer to learn, often categorized as visual, auditory, and kinesthetic.

Developmental Psychology

The study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.

Social Learning Theory

The theory proposed by Albert Bandura that emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling.

Phenomenological Approach

A qualitative method that focuses on the subjective experience of individuals.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as a pyramid.

Conditioning

A behavioral process whereby responses become associated with specific stimuli, including classical and operant conditioning.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others, which can influence prosocial behavior.

Family Systems Theory

A theory that views the family as a complex system of interdependent relationships.

Sociocultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasizing the role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development.

Developmental Milestones

Key skills or behaviors that most children achieve by a certain age, used to gauge a child's growth.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget's theory outlining four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, focusing on the importance of early relationships.

Emergent Literacy

The skills and knowledge about reading and writing that children possess before they can read and write conventionally.

Social-Emotional Learning (SEL)

The process through which children and adults acquire the skills to manage emotions, set goals, show empathy, maintain relationships, and make responsible decisions.

Cultural Development

The way in which cultural contexts influence the development of individuals, including values, beliefs, and practices.

Neuroscience of Development

The study of how the structure and function of the brain develop and change across different life stages.

Lifespan Development

An approach to understanding development that considers every stage of life, from infancy to old age.

Role of Play in Development

Play is recognized as a critical process for children to learn new skills, explore their environment, and develop social and cognitive abilities.

Motor Development

The progression of physical abilities from basic movements to more coordinated and complex actions through growth.