Biology IGCSE 0610

Vertebrates

Vertebrates

Animals with a hard internal skeleton with a backbone

Autotrophs

Organisms that manufature food molecules from simple, inorganic sources

Fungi

unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools

Spores

one celled reproductive unit that can give birth to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of fungi

Protists

eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular and sometimes colonial or less often multicellular and that typically include the protozoans, most algae

Mammals

endothermic vertebrates, that have teeth in their mouth, fur, whiskers, and a pinna on their ear

Movement

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

Respiration

The break down of nutrient molecules and release of energy through chemical reactions in cells

Sensitivity

ability to detect or sense stimuli in the environment

Nutrition

taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

Species

largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.

Osmosis

Movement of water through a partially permeable membrane

Enzyme

Biological Catalyst

hydrolysis

large molecules are broken down into smaller ones weith the addition of water

polysacchrides

are formed from many monosaccahrides, are insoluble and a good store of energy

waxy cuticle

a lipid layer, waterproof

epidermis

transparents, so sunlight can reach palisade cells

Limiting Factors

Requirements of photosynthesis that are insufficient and therefore, limits the rate of photosynthesis

Phloem

The vascular tissue in plants which conducts sugars and other metabolic products downwards from the leaves.

Xylem

The vascular tissue in plants which conducts water and dissolved nutrients upwards from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.

Vascular Bundle

A strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant, typically with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.

Flaccid

Drooping or inelastic through lack of water.

Cytoplasm

The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Vacuole

A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

Ribosomes

A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Vesicles

A small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body.

Nucleus

A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

Cell wall

A rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.

Ingestion

The taking of substances into the body through the mouth

Mechanical Digestion

Break down of food into smaller pieces without changing the food chemically

Chemical Digestion

Break down of large and insoluable molecules into small and soluable molecules

Absorption

Movement of small molecules and ions through the membrane of the small intestine into the blood

Assimilation

Movement of digested molecules into the cells of the body, where they are used and become part of the cell

Egestion

Passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces through the anus

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starch into simplar sugars

Protease

Enzyme that breaks down protein into amino acids

Lipase

Enzyme that breaks down fat and fatty acid into glycerol

Alimentary canak

Where amylase, protease and lipase are secreted

oesophagus

a muscular tube that helps food move to the stomach my peristalis

gall bladder

stores bile before pouring it into the bile duct

anus

exit for feaces, controlled by two anal sphincters

pancreas

makes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes

duodenem

part of small intestine where most absorbtion occurs

pepsin

converts proteins to peptides

maltase

completes break down of maltose to glucose

assimilation

absorbed food becomes you

Semilunar valve

Valve in the heart

anabolic reaction

build up large molecules from smaller ones

enzyme

proteins that function as biological catalysts

catalase

converts hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water

sucrose

sugar transported in phloem

metabolism

sum of the chemical reactions within a living organism

Chlorophyll

A green pigment containing magnesium, which are located in chloroplasts

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

clone

An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced

fusion

the process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity.

gamete

Sex cell

zygote

Fertilized egg

haploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

diploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

fertlilisation

fusion of gamete nuclei

Activator

Makes binding of an enzyme with a substrate more likely

Active Transport

Allow molecules to move across membranes even against concentration gradients by being carried by carrier protein

Diffusion

Net movement of molecules within gas or liquid down the concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane

Inhibitor

Makes binding of an enzyme with a substrate more diffcult

Phagocytosis

Few very specialised cells can engulf a particle and move the particle inside its membrane

Turgid

When the solution the cell is has high water concentration, it will diffuse into the cell, pushing the cell walls and making it turgid

Insects

small arthropod animal that has six legs and generally one or two pairs of wings

Order

A taxonomic category below class

Pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Phylum

A taxonomic category below kingdom

primordial soup

a solution rich in organic compounds in the primitive oceans of the earth, from which life is thought to have originated.

Proteins

made up of nucleic acids

Reptiles

cold-blooded vertebrates such as lizards and snakes

spores

a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.

Alimentary canal

Where amylase, protease and lipase are secreted

Canine

a pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars of a mammal, often greatly enlarged in carnivores.

Incisor

Narrow-edged tooth at the front of the mouth, adapted for cutting. In humans there are four incisors in each jaw.

Bolus

A ball of chewed food mixed with saliva

amino acid

building block of proteins

amylase

to break down

Liver

Bile Storage

protein

molecule used for growth and repair in cells and organisms, cell surface membranes, enzymes and antibodies

rectum

last part of the large intestine, stores faeces

Renal

A word to do with kidney

salivary glands

produce saliva

stomach

muscular bag that stores food for a short time and mixes food with acidic juices toform a creamy liquid called chyme

Aerobic Respiration

Chemical reaction in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

Alveoli

Bundle of air sacs at the end of bronchioles for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse into and out of blood respectively

Anaerobic Respiration

Chemcial reaction in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without oxygen

bronchiole

minute branch with the bronchus divides into

diaphragm

contracts when inhaling, enlarges the thoracic cavity. relaxes when exhaling

external intercostal muscles

inhalation : causes an elevation of the ribs

internal intercostal muscles

exhalation : lower the ribs

Lactic acid

Built-up acid in the muslcles after prolonged exercise

Oxygen debt

The oxygen needed to recover from exercise to convert lactic acid back to glucose or use it for energy

Deamination

Removal of nitrogen from amino acids to make ammonia and then urea from the ammonia

Fibrin

The insoluble protein in blood plasma formed from fibrinogen to clot blood

Fibrinogen

The soluble protein in blood plasma