Biol 1322 exam 2

Which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true?

Glucose and galactose form lactose.

Which of the following describes type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Strongly associated with obesity.

Which carbohydrates can be absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream?

Monosaccharides.

What are polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes called?

Fiber.

What is a major source of lactose?

Milk.

What are some sudden symptoms of diabetes?

Extreme thirst.

After absorption, galactose is converted to what in the liver?

Glucose.

What are the two forms of starch found in food?

Amylose and amylopectin.

Which sweetener is popular in food manufacturing due to its low cost and stability?

High-fructose corn syrup.

What are the major storage sites for glycogen?

Muscles and liver.

Starch consists of hundreds of what type of molecules bound together?

Glucose.

What do red blood cells and the brain derive most of their energy from?

Carbohydrates.

The term simple carbohydrates refers to what?

Monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

In the mouth with salivary amylase.

After sugars are absorbed into the blood, where do they travel to?

The liver.

Why is excessive sugar intake related to dental caries?

Oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when metabolizing sugars.

According to recommendations, carbohydrates should contribute what percentage of total calories for adults?

45% to 65%.

What percentage of total calories should Americans limit added sugars to?

Less than 10%.

Which hormone is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated?

Insulin.

Which statement describes type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Caused by lack of insulin production.

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of what structure?

Lipoprotein.

What describes a fatty acid that has been damaged by exposure to light, oxygen, or heat?

Rancid.

What are the main fuels for muscles during rest and light activities?

Fatty acids.

Food manufacturers add lecithin to foods for what purpose?

To keep mixtures of fat and water from separating.

What is the major function of adipose tissue?

Store energy.

What does a higher level of LDL indicate in terms of heart disease risk?

Increased risk.

Fish oil supplements may be prescribed to achieve what?

Lower blood triglycerides.

What is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids called?

Hydrogenation.

What is composed of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids?

Triglyceride.

What is sometimes called 'good' cholesterol?

HDL.

What type of fatty acids does butter mostly contain?

Saturated.

Which food is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids?

Salmon.

What happens to a fat during hydrogenation?

It changes from a liquid to a solid.

How many carbon-carbon double bonds does a monounsaturated fatty acid contain?

One.

What should you limit to reduce dietary cholesterol intake?

Organ meats.

Why does adipose tissue slow heat loss in cold environments?

Due to its low water content.

Where does lipid digestion and absorption primarily occur?

Small intestine.

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

Alpha-linolenic acid.

What is the simplest form of lipid called?

Fatty acid.

What percentage of total calories from protein is recommended by dietary guidelines?

10% to 35%.

Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?

Ribosome.

How are amino acids transported to the liver?

Via the hepatic portal vein.

When protein consumption exceeds body needs, what happens to excess amino acids?

They are stored as fat.

Food proteins are used most efficiently when what?

We consume enough carbohydrates and fats to meet kilocalorie needs.

Which plant food combination provides all nine essential amino acids?

Black beans and rice.

What unique nutrient do proteins provide that is vital for the human body?

Nitrogen.

Which food supplies ample amounts of all essential amino acids?

Milk.

What is the fate of nitrogen from amino acid breakdown?

It is converted to urea.

An essential amino acid cannot be synthesized sufficiently in the body for what reason?

To meet the body's needs.

What is one function of protein?

Synthesis of enzymes and hormones.

Dietary patterns high in what tend to increase the risk of diseases?

Red meat.

What are Kwashiorkor and marasmus?

Severe forms of protein-calorie malnutrition.

In which areas of the body are proteins digested?

Stomach and small intestine.

What is true about sources of protein?

Plant sources tend to be higher in dietary fiber than animal sources.

How do most individuals in the United States consume protein?

More than is needed.

In proteins, amino acids are joined by what type of bonds?

Peptide bonds.

What is a vegetarian who consumes only plant foods called?

Vegan.

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, what proportion of kilocalories should come from protein?

10% to 35%.

What structure is responsible for protein synthesis within the cell?

Ribosome.

What happens to excess amino acids when energy needs are met?

They are stored as fat.