Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome

Flashcards containing vocabulary for the obesity and metabolic syndrome lecture.

Patho-

Prefix relating to pathology (the study of disease).

Pathology

The study of disease.

Pathophysiology

The disordered physiology underlying disease.

Pathogenesis

The development of disease.

Pathogen

A disease agent.

Etiology

The cause of a disease.

BMI (Body Mass Index)

Provides a good indication for risk of metabolic health. Quick and easy to calculate. However, it does not consider body composition or fat distribution.

Overweight (Adults)

BMI of 25.0-29.9

Obese (Adults)

BMI of >30.0

Preclinical Obesity

A condition of excess body fat associated with variable level of health risk, but no ongoing illness

Clinical Obesity

A chronic disease due to obesity alone, and characterised by signs and symptoms of ongoing organ dysfunction and/or reduced ability to conduct daily activities

Waist Circumference measurements for body size

Can be used to confirm excess body fat. >102 cm for men, >88 cm for women (White Caucasians only)

Waist-to-hip ratio measurements for body size

Can be used to confirm excess body fat. >0.90 for men, >0.85 for women

Waist-to-height ratio measurements for body size

Can be used to confirm excess body fat. >0.50 for all

Low Socioeconomic Status (Risk Factor)

Increases risk of obesity

ATSI (Risk Factor)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, increases risk of obesity

Men (Risk Factor)

Are more likely to be overweight or obese

Regional Living (Risk Factor)

Increases risk of obesity

Inter-generational obesity (Risk Factor)

Increases risk of obesity, behavior mirroring effect

Obesity in Children

85th percentile = overweight, >95th percentile = obese

Orexigenic hormones

Promotes hunger (e.g. ghrelin)

Anorexigenic hormones

Promotes fullness (e.g. leptin, cholecystokinin, PYY, GLP1, insulin)

Prader Willi Syndrome (PWS)

A rare genetic disorder resulting in a constant, extreme, insatiable appetite which persists no matter how much the patient eats results in morbid obesity.

Weight loss medication-Phentermine

acts on the brain to inhibit hunger by stimulating neural release of noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine

Weight loss medication-Orlistat

Reduces absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting gastric and pancreatic lipases- slows fat digestion and does not inhibit hunger

Weight loss medication-Liraglutide 3mg

Reduces appetite by stimulating GLP‐1 receptors in several brain areas.

Weight loss medication-Naltrexone-bupropion

Reduces appetite by stimulating activity of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus.

Weight loss medication-Semaglutide 2.4mg (2022)

Reduces appetite by stimulating GLP‐1 receptors in several brain areas. Is also diabetes approved.

Hypocaloric Diet

Dietary therapy to reduce energy intake

Low Energy Diet (LED)

Eat 1000-1200 kcal/day

Very Low Energy Diet (VLED)

Formulated meal replacements e.g. OptiFast (600-800 kcal /day)

Bariatric surgery

Indicated for people who have a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 with associated comorbidities, and a history of failed weight loss with supervised lifestyle intervention

Exercise and Weight Loss

For meaningful weight and total adiposity loss, a minimum of 300–420 min per week of aerobic activity of at least moderate intensity is required.

Waist Circumference

Another commonly used measure of overweight and obesity that distribution around the waist. A wider waist is associated with a higher risk of metabolic complications.

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of risk factors including: excess abdominal weight, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, elevated glucose levels. Puts patients at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Nonpharmacological Interventions that help with Hypertension (HTN)

Interventions that include: weight loss; heart-healthy diet; sodium reduction; potassium supplementation; increased physical activity; moderation in alcohol intake.