last who am i’s for 24-25 skl yearr

King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella

Catholic Monarchs of Europe, unification of Spain, Spanish Inquisition, Dynastic Union, funded Columbus

Charles V/I (1s/5th)

Holy Roman Emperor & King of Spain, suppressed the Protestant Reformation & defended the RCC, expansion of the Hapsburg Dynasty, excommunicated Martin Luther

Phillip II

Spanish Golden Age, Madrid as capital, counter reformation, war against religion in France, Spanish Armada etc

King Henry IV (4th) Bourbon

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1st Bourbon King, Edict of Nantes → religious tolerance to Huguenots

King Louis XIV (14th) Bourbon

Divine right, Versailles, “The Sun King”, Golden Age

Czar Peter “the Great” Romanov

Modernize Russia, dress like Western Europeans, educate poor men,

Czarina Catherine “the Great” Romanov

Modernize & Westernize Russia, be like France, built Winter Palace

Elizabeth I Tudor

Book of Common Prayer, defeat of Spanish Armada, Elizabethan Era, “The Virgin Queen”

James I Stuart

King James Bible, fought w/ Parliament

Charles I Stuart

thought he had divine right (didn’t rlly work), Petition of Right - no tax w/o rep, etc- Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

Puritan, Calvinist, outlawed fun, dictatorship → “Commonwealth”, “Lord Protectorate”, hates Catholics

Charles II Stuart

Anglican, secretly Catholic, Restoration of the Stuart Dynasty,

James II Stuart

Catholic, Declaration of Indulgence ,, ran away in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, last Catholic Monarch of England

William (of Orange) & Mary Stuart

Glorious Rev of 1688, limited power od Eng Monarchs permanently, signed the Bill of Rights, constitutional monarchy

Thomas Hobbes

Social contract → give up all power to king, king protect you *actually says humans have power

John Locke

Consent of the Governed, 3 Natural rights → life, liberty, property,, revolution or vote

Rousseau

France , General Will → give up smth for betterment of society, majority rules, direct democracy, state of nature

Montesquieu

France, rule of law , separation of powers, checks and balances,

Voltaire

Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, wrote Candide, France

Olympe de Gouges

France, women’s rights, radfem, abolitionist, Declaration of the rights of man & citizen

Suleiman the Magnificent/Lawgiver

Golden Age, religious tolerance, expansion, law code, fair 2 ppl

Akbar the Great

Religious tolerance, Golden Age, arts & culture,

Shah Jahan

Not religious tolerance, Taj Mahal, arts & blend of cultures

Aurangzeb

Religiously intolerant, military expansion, <cultural achievements