quiz lungs n receptors

Passageway supported by C-shaped cartilage rings.

Trachea

Point at which the trachea divides; very sensitive area for triggering cough reflex.

Carina

First branches of the trachea that divide into right and left passages.

Mainstem Bronchi

Branches that supply the lobes of each lung.

Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi

Branches that supply individual bronchopulmonary segments.

Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi

Smallest conducting airway division; transition between conducting and respiratory zones.

Terminal Bronchioles

Short passageway that connects respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs.

Respiratory Bronchioles

Passageways leading to alveolar sacs.

Alveolar Ducts

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Alveoli

Sympathetic Nervous System.

Division responsible for increasing heart rate, dilating bronchi, and mobilizing glucose.

Parasympathetic Nervous System.

Division responsible for conserving energy, lowering heart rate, and stimulating digestion.

Fight or Flight Response.

Response that prepares the body for stress, danger, or emergency.

Rest and Digest Response.

Response that promotes recovery, digestion, and homeostasis.

Adrenergic Receptors.

Receptors that respond to NE/Epinephrine.

Cholinergic Receptors.

Receptors that respond to ACh (include nicotinic and muscarinic).

Preganglionic Neuron.

First neuron in the autonomic pathway; originates in CNS.

Postganglionic Neuron.

Second neuron in the autonomic pathway; connects with target effector organ.

Norepinephrine (NE).

Primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division.

Acetylcholine (ACh).

Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division.

Increased heart rate and force of contraction.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Decreased heart rate.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Bronchodilation.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Bronchoconstriction.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Mydriasis (pupil dilation).

Sympathetic Nervous System

Miosis (pupil constriction).

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Increased gastrointestinal motility and secretions.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Decreased gastrointestinal activity.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Increased sweating (sudomotor response).

Sympathetic Nervous System

Stimulation of urinary bladder contraction and urination.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Stimulates β₂ receptors → bronchodilation.

Adrenergic agonist (sympathetic agonist)

Blocks muscarinic receptors → decreases airway secretions and causes bronchodilation.

Cholinergic antagonist (muscarinic antagonist, parasympathetic blocker)

Stimulates muscarinic receptors → increases bronchoconstriction and secretions.

Cholinergic agonist (muscarinic agonist, parasympathetic mimetic)

Blocks β receptors → may cause bronchoconstriction and lower heart rate.

Adrenergic antagonist (sympathetic blocker)

Stimulates α receptors → causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

Adrenergic agonist (α-receptor stimulation)