Bio Midterms

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contain a mitochondria

plant

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contains a cell wall

plant

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contain 1 large vacuole

plant

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contains chloroplasts

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contains a membrane

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contains a nucleus

animal

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contains centrioles

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contains ribosomes

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contain exoskeletons?

animal

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contain lysosomes?

animal

plant cell, animal cell, or both; have two vacuoles?

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contain cytoplasm

eukaryotic

 Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both; contains a nucleus

both

Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both; contains genetic material

both

Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both; contains a cell membrane

prokaryotic

Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both, contains a DNA plasmid

both

Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both, contains ribosomes

eukaryotic

Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both, contains membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic

Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both; found ONLY in bacteria

eukaryotic

Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, or  Both, found in animals, animals, protests, fungi

golgi body

Packages and modifies proteins?

leukoplasts

Stores starch?

cell membrane

Regulates movement of materials in or out of a cell

lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes, breaks down cell parts

vacuole

 Storage of materials

mitochondria

Produces cellular energy  (ATP)

chloroplasts

 Site of photosynthesis

cell wall

Structural boundary of a plant cell

ribosomes

Site where proteins are made

chromoplasts

 Store accessory pigments

cytoskeleton

 Microtubules/ microfilaments

nucleolus

 Site where ribosomes are made

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contain peroxisome?

both

plant cell, animal cell, or both; contains nucleolus?

Lysosomes, 2 Vacuoles, Centroids

what 3 are in animal cells but not plant cells?? (LVC)

Cell walls, chloroplasts, leukoplast, vacuole

what 4 are in plant cells but not animal cells?? (CCLV)

prokaryotic

eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell; old

eukaryotic

eukaryotic or prokaryotic; more modern

plasma membrane

controls the movement of materials in/out of the cell

phospholipid

specialized triglyceride that makes up most of the membrane.

phospholipid bilayer

phospholipid structure leads to _____

polar

in a phospholipid, is the ‘head’ polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

in a phospholipid, are the ‘tails’ polar or nonpolar?

phospholipid

main structural component of cell membrane; hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails

cholesterol

provides fluidity to membrane; prevents phospholipid coagulation

membrane proteins

perform various functions; some are along the edge of the membrane and some are within the bilayer

peripheral protein

what is the name for the membrane protein that is a long the edge of the membrane?

integral proteins

what is the name for the membrane protein found within the bilayer?

glycocalyx

surface “fuzz”

oligosaccharides attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids

what is a glycocalyx made out of?

oligosaccharide

short carbohydrate chain

glycoproteins

proteins attached to oligosaccharides?

glycolipids

lipids attached to oligosaccharides

channel protein

provides passage of small, polar molecules across membrane by simple diffusion; substances pass through the channel unimpeded by nonpolar region

enzymes

promote chemical reactions

enzymes

____ are found in integral or peripheral proteins

carrier protein

facilitate passage of large and/or polar molecules through membrane, may function via passive or active cell transport

marker protein

specialized protein involved in cell to cell recognition, help form the glycocalyx

receptor protein

specialized protein involved in “receptor mediated endocytosis”

passive transport

movement of materials across a membrane which requires no energy other than kinetic energy of molecules

concentration gradient

____ exists when there is a difference in concentration over a distance or across a membrane

equilibrium

no concentration gradient; equal concentrations

rate of diffusion

____ Is due to diffusion pressure, mass of molecule, and Temperature

greater diffusion pressure

greater concentration gradient => _________

greater rate of diffusion

greater concentration gradient => greater diffusion pressure => _________

slow

high mass of molecule =____ rate of diffusion

fast

low mass of molecule = ____ rate of diffusion

fast

high temperature = ___ rate of diffusion

slow

low temperature = ____ rate of diffusion

semi permeable

lets only selected substances through

size, polarity

a semipermeable membrane lets only selected substances through based off of _____ and _______

mass of particle, concentration gradient, temperature

what 3 factors affect rate of diffusion

size, polarity

2 factors affecting ability to diffuse (across the plasma membrane)

will not

if a molecule is polar, it (will/will not) move across the plasma membrane

will

if a molecule is nonpolar it (will/will not) move across membrane

slowly

if a molecule has a large molecular volume, it will move ____ across the plasma membrane?

fastly

if a molecule has a small molecular volume, it will move ____ across the plasma membrane?

O2, CO2

what are two examples of non polar substances that will easily cross the plasma membrane?

facilitated diffusion

form of passive transport in which substances move from an area o f high concentration to an area of low concentration with the assistance of proteins within the membrane

osmosis

passive transport of water across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration

isotonic environment

what type of environment:

state of equilibrium, equal concentrations thought both inside and outside the cell. no concentration gradient exists, zero diffusion pressure.

hypotonic environment

concentration of solutes outside is lower than concentration of solutes inside the cell (therefore water is greater outside)

hypertonic environment

concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the concentration inside the cell

turgor pressure

pressure that builds up in a cell

Phospholipid

Main structural component of cell membrane; hydrophilic phosphate head (1a) and hydrophobic fatty acid tails (1b)

Cholesterol

Provides fluidity to membrane; prevents phospholipid coagulation

enzymes

Perform various functions; some are along the edge of the membrane (peripheral proteins 3b); some are within the bilayer (integral proteins 3a)

Glycocalyx

Surface “fuzz” involved in cell to cell recognition; made of short carbohydrate chains (oligosaccharides 4) attached to proteins (glycoproteins 5a) and lipids (glycolipid 5b)

Channel Protein

Provides passage of small, polar molecules across membrane by simple diffusion; substances pass through the channel unimpeded by nonpolar region

Enzyme

promote chemical reactions; found along integral or peripheral proteins

 Carrier Protein

what Facilitates passage of large and/or polar molecules through membrane; may function via simple diffusion (passive transport) or by ATP (active transport)

Marker Protein

Specialized protein involved in cell to cell recognition; help form the glycocalyx

 Receptor Protein

Specialized protein involved in “Receptor mediated endocytosis”

Receptor mediated endocytosis

what type of process is receptor proteins responsible for?

passive transport

movement of materials across a membrane which requires no energy other than kinetic energy of molecules

simple diffusion

- driven completely by kinetic energy of particles

- may or may not include a membrane

- movement of materials from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Concentration Gradient

____ exists when there is a difference in concentrations over a distance or across a membrane

Equilibrium

 No concentration gradient; equal concentrations 

Rate of  Diffusion

depends on: diffusion pressure, mass of molecule, and temperature

Facilitated Diffusion

 form of passive transport in which substances move from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc. with the assistance of proteins within the membrane