Urinary System Exam

What are the 3 main functions of the Urinary System

\-excretion of waste, hormone production, and regulation

What waste does the urinary system secrete?

drugs, toxins, nitrogenous wastes

What are substances that are considered nitrogenous wastes?

urea, creatine, uric acid, and uroblin

What hormones does the urinary system produce?

calcitriol and erythropoetin

What does calcitriol do?

calcium homeostasis

What does erythropoetin do?

increase RBC production

What 5 things does the urinary system regulate?

blood: ionic composition, pH, volume, osmolarity, and glucose

What epithelial tissues are in the urinary system?

transitional, simple squamous, simple cubiodal, and non keritanized stratified squamous

What 3 connective tissues are in the US

dense irregular , aerolar , adipose

Where is smooth muscle located in the US

blood vessels, ureters, bladder, urethra, internal urethral sphincter

Where is skeletal muscle located in the US

external urethral sphincter

The _____ __i__nnervates the smooth muscle and the _______ innervates the skeletal muscle of the US

autonomic; somatic

simple cubiodal cells in the US are for ___ __and__ ______

secretion; reabsorption

the male urethra is _____ than the female urethra

longer

What is the male urethra also a pathway for?

sperm/semen

What does a male urethra have that a female’s doesn’t

subdivisions

What are the subdivisions of the male urethra

prostatic, membranous, spongy

Male and female urethras have the same ___ __of__ _____

location of sphincters

What does micturition mean?

emptying of bladder

What is the stimulus for the micturition reflex?

increased bladder volume and distension

What detects increased bladder volume?

stretch receptors

Where do stretch receptors send their information to in the micturation reflex?

spinal cord

In the micturition reflex parasympathetic activity is ____ and somatic activity is _______

increased; decreased

increasing the parasympathetic activity in the micturition reflex _____the internal urethral sphincter and contracts the ________muscle

relaxes; detruser

Decreasing somatic activity in the micturition reflex does what

relaxes external anal sphincter

What is the ultimate response of the micturition reflex?

open sphincters, empty bladder, urine through urethra and out of body

What is the functional unit of the Kidney?

nephron

What are the 2 parts of the nephron?

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

__ __and__ ____ make up the renal corpuscle

bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

The loop of henle is part of the __*____and*__ ______

renal cortex; medulla

What are majority of nephrons called

cortical

What nephrons have long loops of Henle and vasa recta?

juxtamedullary nephrons

in cortical nephrons, the renal corpuscle is located in the

outer cortex

The loops of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons extend deep into

the medulla

Juxtamedullary nephrons are important for creating ____

dilute vs. concentrated urine

Which nephrons have a thick and thin ascending limb

juxtamedullary

What 3 basic processes occur at the nephron?

glomerular filration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

In glomerular filration, H20 and solutes move from (. ) into (. )

blood plasma; renal tubule

In tubular secretion h20 and solutes move from (. ) into (. )

blood; filtrates

In tubular secretion substances (. ) at glomerulus move from blood in (. ) into (. )

not filtered; peritubular capillary; tubule

What is the process of removal of h20/ solutes'/ substances from body in urine called

excretion

What tissue is the proximal CT

simple cuboidal with microvilli

The proximal CT’s function is

reabsorption

The descending limb LOH is ___ epithelium

simple squamous

What is the descending limb for?

water reabsorption

The thin ascending limb is ___- epi and the think ascending limb is (. ) epi

simple squamous; simple cuboidal

The ascending limb LOH functions for

solute secretion and reabsorption

(. ) and (. ) in the renal corpuscle are simple squamous for (. )

glomerulus; bowman’s capsule; filtration

What tissue type is the distal CT

simple cuboidal

The distal CT and collecting duct function for water and solute (. ) and (. ) secretion

reabsorption; solute

What is the path of filtrate?

Bowmans space, proximal CT, descending limb, thin ascending, thick ascending, distal CT, collecting duct, papillary duct

What tissue type is the collecting duct

simple cuboidal

what tissue type is the papillary duct

simple columnar epi

Where does urine flow after the papillary duct

minor calyx

What tissue are the calyces

transitional epithelium

What is the path of urine

collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder urethra

Describe the path of oxygenated blood to the kidneys

abdominal aorta, renal arteries, segmental arteries, interloper arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles

Describe the path of deoxygenated blood from the kidneys

peritubular capillaries or vasa recta, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobular veins, segmental veins, renal veins, inferior vena cava

What are the 3 parts of the glomerular filtration membrane?

glomerular endothelial cells w/ fenestrations, basement membrane, and podocytes

(. ) are allowed through the filtration membrane (. ) are not

water and small solutes; proteins and blood cells

Filtration is the the movement of blood in (. ) to (. ) in renal tubule

glomerular capillaries; filtrate

glomerular capillaries are more (. ) than normal

leaky

What are contractile cells that regulate filtration

mesoangial cells

The basement membrane is (. ) to repel proteins

negatively charged

What is the external barrier of the filtration membrane

podocytes

podocytes allow for passage of (. ) and prevent passage of (. )

small molecules; plasma proteins

What is blood pressure in the glomerular capillary called?

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

GBHP (. ) filtration

promotes

Why is the GBHP higher than other capillaries

afferent vessel is larger than efferent

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure

pressure of fluid in bowman’s

CHP (. ) filtration

opposes

What does BCOP stand for

blood colloid osmotic pressure

BCOP is the (. ) force from (. )

osmotic; plasma proteins

What is the net filtration pressure equation?

GBHP- (CHP + BCOP)

If NHP is positive filtration is

favored

GFR is the amount of

filtrate formed per minute

If GFR is too high then (. ) is not (. )

needed substance; efficiently reabsorbed

If GFR is too low then (. ) are not (. )

waste products; efficiently excreted

What are the 3 regulation mechanisms for GFR

renal auto regulation, sympathetic NS, and hormonal regulation

What are the 2 renal autoregulation methods?

myogenic and tubuloglomerular

If GFR is too high then there is (. ) stretch of (. ) arteriole

increased; afferent

What does the myogenic mechanism do to response to high GFR

vasoconstriction of smooth muscle

What stimulates tubuloglomerular feedback?

increased renal tubule flow

Increased renal tubule flow means less

reabsorption

What is the control center for the tubuloglomerular feedback loop and what does it act on?

juxtaglomerular apparatus; nitric oxide

nitric oxide (. ) to cause (. )

decreases; vasoconstriction

Decreased sympathetic NS will (. ) GFR

increase

decreased sympathetic NS will (. ) arterioles and (. ) GFR

vasodialate; increase

What are the 2 hormones for regulation of GFR

atrial naturiuertic peptide and angiotensin II

What stimulates release of ANP

stretch of atria and high BP

ANP relaxes (. ) to (. ) surface area for filtration

mesangial cells; increase

What are the results of ANP hormone

increase GFR, Increase urine output, decreased BP

angiotensin II is a (. ) of arterioles

potent vasoconstrictor

Angiotensin (. ) GFR and (. ) BV/BP

decreases; increases

What are the 2 reabsorption routes?

paracellular and transcellular

paracellular route is the movement of a substance between (. ) through (. )

cells; leaky tight junctions

transcellular route is the movement across cells using (. ) and the apical and basolateral membrane

transporters/ channels

What are the 3 transport mechanisms?

primary active, secondary active, and facilitated diffusion

What transport requires ATP to pump ions against gradients

primary active