Studied by 21 people
What are the 3 main functions of the Urinary System
-excretion of waste, hormone production, and regulation
What waste does the urinary system secrete?
drugs, toxins, nitrogenous wastes
What are substances that are considered nitrogenous wastes?
urea, creatine, uric acid, and uroblin
What hormones does the urinary system produce?
calcitriol and erythropoetin
What does calcitriol do?
calcium homeostasis
What does erythropoetin do?
increase RBC production
What 5 things does the urinary system regulate?
blood: ionic composition, pH, volume, osmolarity, and glucose
What epithelial tissues are in the urinary system?
transitional, simple squamous, simple cubiodal, and non keritanized stratified squamous
What 3 connective tissues are in the US
dense irregular , aerolar , adipose
Where is smooth muscle located in the US
blood vessels, ureters, bladder, urethra, internal urethral sphincter
Where is skeletal muscle located in the US
external urethral sphincter
The _____ __i__nnervates the smooth muscle and the _______ innervates the skeletal muscle of the US
autonomic; somatic
simple cubiodal cells in the US are for ___ and ______
secretion; reabsorption
the male urethra is _____ than the female urethra
longer
What is the male urethra also a pathway for?
sperm/semen
What does a male urethra have that a female’s doesn’t
subdivisions
What are the subdivisions of the male urethra
prostatic, membranous, spongy
Male and female urethras have the same ___ of _____
location of sphincters
What does micturition mean?
emptying of bladder
What is the stimulus for the micturition reflex?
increased bladder volume and distension
What detects increased bladder volume?
stretch receptors
Where do stretch receptors send their information to in the micturation reflex?
spinal cord
In the micturition reflex parasympathetic activity is ____ and somatic activity is _______
increased; decreased
increasing the parasympathetic activity in the micturition reflex _____the internal urethral sphincter and contracts the ________muscle
relaxes; detruser
Decreasing somatic activity in the micturition reflex does what
relaxes external anal sphincter
What is the ultimate response of the micturition reflex?
open sphincters, empty bladder, urine through urethra and out of body
What is the functional unit of the Kidney?
nephron
What are the 2 parts of the nephron?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
__ and ____ make up the renal corpuscle
bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
The loop of henle is part of the ____and ______
renal cortex; medulla
What are majority of nephrons called
cortical
What nephrons have long loops of Henle and vasa recta?
juxtamedullary nephrons
in cortical nephrons, the renal corpuscle is located in the
outer cortex
The loops of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons extend deep into
the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons are important for creating ____
dilute vs. concentrated urine
Which nephrons have a thick and thin ascending limb
juxtamedullary
What 3 basic processes occur at the nephron?
glomerular filration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
In glomerular filration, H20 and solutes move from (. ) into (. )
blood plasma; renal tubule
In tubular secretion h20 and solutes move from (. ) into (. )
blood; filtrates
In tubular secretion substances (. ) at glomerulus move from blood in (. ) into (. )
not filtered; peritubular capillary; tubule
What is the process of removal of h20/ solutes'/ substances from body in urine called
excretion
What tissue is the proximal CT
simple cuboidal with microvilli
The proximal CT’s function is
reabsorption
The descending limb LOH is ___ epithelium
simple squamous
What is the descending limb for?
water reabsorption
The thin ascending limb is ___- epi and the think ascending limb is (. ) epi
simple squamous; simple cuboidal
The ascending limb LOH functions for
solute secretion and reabsorption
(. ) and (. ) in the renal corpuscle are simple squamous for (. )
glomerulus; bowman’s capsule; filtration
What tissue type is the distal CT
simple cuboidal
The distal CT and collecting duct function for water and solute (. ) and (. ) secretion
reabsorption; solute
What is the path of filtrate?
Bowmans space, proximal CT, descending limb, thin ascending, thick ascending, distal CT, collecting duct, papillary duct
What tissue type is the collecting duct
simple cuboidal
what tissue type is the papillary duct
simple columnar epi
Where does urine flow after the papillary duct
minor calyx
What tissue are the calyces
transitional epithelium
What is the path of urine
collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder urethra
Describe the path of oxygenated blood to the kidneys
abdominal aorta, renal arteries, segmental arteries, interloper arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles
Describe the path of deoxygenated blood from the kidneys
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobular veins, segmental veins, renal veins, inferior vena cava
What are the 3 parts of the glomerular filtration membrane?
glomerular endothelial cells w/ fenestrations, basement membrane, and podocytes
(. ) are allowed through the filtration membrane (. ) are not
water and small solutes; proteins and blood cells
Filtration is the the movement of blood in (. ) to (. ) in renal tubule
glomerular capillaries; filtrate
glomerular capillaries are more (. ) than normal
leaky
What are contractile cells that regulate filtration
mesoangial cells
The basement membrane is (. ) to repel proteins
negatively charged
What is the external barrier of the filtration membrane
podocytes
podocytes allow for passage of (. ) and prevent passage of (. )
small molecules; plasma proteins
What is blood pressure in the glomerular capillary called?
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
GBHP (. ) filtration
promotes
Why is the GBHP higher than other capillaries
afferent vessel is larger than efferent
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure
pressure of fluid in bowman’s
CHP (. ) filtration
opposes
What does BCOP stand for
blood colloid osmotic pressure
BCOP is the (. ) force from (. )
osmotic; plasma proteins
What is the net filtration pressure equation?
GBHP- (CHP + BCOP)
If NHP is positive filtration is
favored
GFR is the amount of
filtrate formed per minute
If GFR is too high then (. ) is not (. )
needed substance; efficiently reabsorbed
If GFR is too low then (. ) are not (. )
waste products; efficiently excreted
What are the 3 regulation mechanisms for GFR
renal auto regulation, sympathetic NS, and hormonal regulation
What are the 2 renal autoregulation methods?
myogenic and tubuloglomerular
If GFR is too high then there is (. ) stretch of (. ) arteriole
increased; afferent
What does the myogenic mechanism do to response to high GFR
vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
What stimulates tubuloglomerular feedback?
increased renal tubule flow
Increased renal tubule flow means less
reabsorption
What is the control center for the tubuloglomerular feedback loop and what does it act on?
juxtaglomerular apparatus; nitric oxide
nitric oxide (. ) to cause (. )
decreases; vasoconstriction
Decreased sympathetic NS will (. ) GFR
increase
decreased sympathetic NS will (. ) arterioles and (. ) GFR
vasodialate; increase
What are the 2 hormones for regulation of GFR
atrial naturiuertic peptide and angiotensin II
What stimulates release of ANP
stretch of atria and high BP
ANP relaxes (. ) to (. ) surface area for filtration
mesangial cells; increase
What are the results of ANP hormone
increase GFR, Increase urine output, decreased BP
angiotensin II is a (. ) of arterioles
potent vasoconstrictor
Angiotensin (. ) GFR and (. ) BV/BP
decreases; increases
What are the 2 reabsorption routes?
paracellular and transcellular
paracellular route is the movement of a substance between (. ) through (. )
cells; leaky tight junctions
transcellular route is the movement across cells using (. ) and the apical and basolateral membrane
transporters/ channels
What are the 3 transport mechanisms?
primary active, secondary active, and facilitated diffusion
What transport requires ATP to pump ions against gradients
primary active
Note 
Flashcard (24)