Edexcel (B) Biology A-level Topic 5: Energy for Biological Processes

Flashcards covering key concepts from the Edexcel (B) Biology A-level Topic 5: Energy for Biological Processes notes, focusing on aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, and the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

__ respiration is the process by which glucose is converted into energy, splitting glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen.

Aerobic

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of and produces in the body.

oxygen, lactic acid

Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration yield __, which is used for metabolic reactions and generating heat.

ATP

__ is the first process of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis

In glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to produce 2 molecules of __, 2 molecules of __ and 2 molecules of __.

pyruvate, ATP, NADH

In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is further converted into with the help of NADH. Lactate is then converted back to in the liver.

lactate, pyruvate

In the link reaction, pyruvate is converted into __ with the help of NADH.

acetyl coenzyme A

Acetyl-CoA then enters the __, where glucose is oxidised and carbon dioxide, ATP, reduced NAD and reduced FAD are produced.

Krebs cycle

Both the Link reaction and Krebs cycle occur in the __.

mitochondrial matrix

__ is the process in which ATP is synthesised via chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Reduced coenzymes and carry hydrogen ions and electrons to the electron transport chain, which occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

NADH2, FADH2

ATP is produced on __ using ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation.

stalked particles

__ is a reaction in which light energy is used to split apart the strong bonds in water molecules in a process of photolysis in order to combine hydrogen with carbon dioxide to produce fuel in the form of glucose.

Photosynthesis

__ are the site of photosynthesis and contain stacks of thylakoid membranes called grana which contain the photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll.

Chloroplasts

__ contains all of the enzymes required for the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

Stroma

__ = the range of different wavelengths of light that a photosynthetic pigment absorbs.

Absorption Spectrum

__ = the rate of photosynthesis against the wavelength of light absorbed.

Action Spectrum

The different photosynthetic pigments include: Chlorophyll a (), Chlorophyll b (), Carotenoids: Carotene (), Xanthophyll (), and Phaeophytin (__)

blue-green, yellow-green, orange, yellow, grey

In photosynthesis, electrons are excited to a higher energy level by the energy trapped by chlorophyll molecules in the __ in the light-dependent reaction.

thylakoid membranes

In the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, ATP is generated from ADP and inorganic phosphate in a process called __.

photophosphorylation

In __, a photon of light hits a chlorophyll molecule, electrons are excited and taken up by an electron acceptor, passed along an electron transport chain, energy is released, ATP is synthesised, and the electron returns to Photosystem I chlorophyll.

cyclic phosphorylation

In __, a photon hits chlorophyll in Photosystem II, electrons are excited and taken up by an electron acceptor, passed along an electron transport chain to Photosystem I chlorophyll, energy is released, ATP is synthesised.

non-cyclic phosphorylation

In the light-independent reaction, __ is combined with carbon dioxide in a reaction called carbon fixation, catalysed by RUBISCO.

RuBP

In the light-independent reaction, reduced NADP and ATP are used to convert __ to GALP.

GP

In the light-independent reaction, some GALP molecules are used to make __, which is then converted to essential organic compounds such as polysaccharides, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids.

glucose