ARM Equation:
AR = IR *** CR * DR
What is AR?
The risk that the auditor’s opinion is wrong
What is IR?
The risk that the account is misstated by nature
What is CR?
The risk that misstatement could occur even with controls in place
What is DR?
The risk that misstatement will not be identified by audit procedures
RMM equation:
IR * CR
What does the Auditor assess?
IR and CR
What happens as RMM increases?
DR decreases
What happens as DR decreases?
Audit work increases
What are Management’s Assertions?
Existence/Occurrence
Completion/Cutoff
Valuation
Rights/Obligations
Presentation/Disclosure
What is a Review?
A lower level of assurance than an audit
Uses inquiry and analytics
Negative or limited outcome
Higher detection risk
What is a Compilation?
No assurance is given
Helps the client put accounting into F/S format
No testing done
DR = 1.0
Unqualified Report Components:
Standard Opinion Paragraph
Basis of Opinion – Standard Responsibility Paragraph
Basis of Opinion – Standard Scope Paragraph
CAMs
Qualified Report w/ Auditing Defects & a Material Exception Components:
Explanatory Paragraph
Std. Responsibility Paragraph
Modified Scope
CAMs
Qualified Report w/ Accounting Defects & Material Exception Components:
Explanatory Paragraph
Std. Responsibility
Std. Scope
CAMs
Disclaimer of Opinion (Auditing Defects & Pervasively Material) Components:
Explanatory Paragraph
Modified Responsibility Paragraph
No Scope Paragraph
No CAMs
Adverse Opinion (Accounting Defects & Pervasively Material) Components:
Explanatory Paragraph
Standard Responsibility
Standard Scope
No CAMs
Auditor Resigns
Disclaimer of Opinion (Unusual Circumstances & Pervasively Material) Components:
Explanatory Paragraph
Standard Responsibility
No Scope
No CAMs
Standard Report & Explanatory Paragraph (Material Exception) Components:
Adds Emphasis of a Matter
Material vs. Pervasively Material:
Pervasively Material occurs when there are multiple errors or scope limitations, the user cannot combine the financial statements and auditor’s opinion to reliably use the financial statements
Types of Accounting Defects:
GAAP
Fairness
Something in the Numbers
Result in Adverse Opinion
Types of Auditing Defects:
Audit Standards
Result in Disclaimer of Opinion