HS2711 midterm

Ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age

aging

the process of growing old

what demands does an older population put on Canada

more Canadians will live in 3/4 generation families, schools will have to accommodate the larger population of older students, health care system will change to favour long term illness

Gerontology

study of the aging process, how it impacts individual and society

goals of gerontology

1. produce knowledge about aging
2. apply knowledge to create better lives

what Ruiz found in 2014 about implicit bias differing by gender

females show less ageism, less anti-aging bias, and a stronger desire to work with older people

common stereotypes and prejudice towards older people

assuming they need help, assuming they are weak and discriminating

people who are rude about older adults having sex are...

commonly ageist and have less knowledge about sex in later life

why did most age groups prefer younger people over older people?

because of distancing process or internalization of age stereotypes

the Canadian special senate committee on aging final report

took a stand against racist. the report says: there is not a place for ageism in a progressive country like Canada.

third age

Approximately 60 to 79 years of age. a person live sin relative affluence, free of work and child-related duties, good health

fourth age

Approximately 80 years and older, people lose their autonomy, their physical healthy and their ability to care for themselves

calasanti on aging

aging looks avoidable and like a personal failure from the point of view of successful aging. to appear unhealthy is seen as failure.

hurd Clarke on women aging and societies economy

a women's appearance is changed a lot as she ages and it is valued a lot by women. therefore, women spend a lot of money and invest a lot into beauty and anti-aging which boosts the market and economy.

what does anti-aging industry cash out on

on the denial and resistance of aging.

looking at a medical only view of aging is bad

a medical only view leads to a wrong perception of the issue, we need a wholistic and/or bio-psycho-social approach

geriatrics

a speciality medicine for treatment of diseases related to older age

why do older people face more issues

older people face more issues because they've been exposed to more. interaction of factors lead to more health issues. longer you live the more bad things you come across. its inevitable

the trends of aging in Canada today

1. longer life expectancy due to the dramatic growth of the older cohorts
2. lower fertility rates
3. continued higher proportion of women to men in the oldest cohorts
4. movement of the baby boom cohort is evident and there is smaller amount of younger people compared to older for first time ever

what provinces have highest rate/rapid aging

Nunavut and northwest territories

in 2016 what happened for the first time

there were more seniors (16.9%) than children (16.6%)

by 2030

almost 25% of Canadas population will be over 65

integration equity

balanced support of older and younger people through public policy and public expenditures is needed because older generations do not have enough support that they need for opportunities. there needs to be equitable distribution between all ages.

as populations age what do we see

changes on social structures and change in health status of the population

what will we see in the health status of an aging population

more chronic diseases, more need for health care services, more cost

what percentage of adults 65+ have chronic conditions

46% have 2-3 chronic conditions, 16.6% have 4 or more chronic conditions.

does happiness incline as you age?

levels of happiness and life satisfaction are higher in older adults compared to 20-64 age group.

what does a better mental health in older age relate to?

relates to economic and environment efficiency

what did Bennett and Gaines say the reason ageism comes about

-the young and the middle-aged feel distaste for aging
-they see old age as time of weakness, sickness, and dying
-people know little about old age an what they do know is based on myth and fear

where does population aging impact the most?

less developed countries have a challenge social support for older people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. TFR has been declining for some time in most countries around the world and is expected to

aging in developed nations

these countries have large population of older people in their populations and will continue to get older.
challenges: higher costs for pensions and long-term care.

Aging in the less developed nations

regions and countries that are developing socioeconimcally face challenges to fit their cultures and developing economy to the aging population

Aging in the Least Developed Nations

lest developed countries have high fertility rates and lower life expectancies because of the poor economy. the wide spread poverty makes it hard to support children and a larger older population.

what will population aging look like in 2036

many more people over 100 and about a quarter of population will be older people. this will result in an increase in median age.

three conditions that affect a populations size and structure

immigration, death rates, birth rates

when does a demographic transition occur

occurs when a population changes form a high birth rate/high death rate condition to a low birth rate/low death rate condition

4 stages of Canada comes of age with demographic transition

stage 1: high fertility and high mortality
stage 2: high fertility and decline of mortality
stage 3: fertility declines and mortality declines
stage 4: low fertility and low mortality

two phenomena that affect the birth rate

baby boom and baby bust

prospective aging

Allows demographers to compare populations with different life expectancies

old age security pension

Canada's basic retirement income program which supplements the income of nearly all of the country's older people

guaranteed income supplement

an income supplement program for the poorest older people

allowance

an income supplement for spouses of pensioners who died

female life expectancy

female life expectancy increased faster than male life expectancy

indigenous seniors

relatively young populations die to high fertility rates and lower life expectancy

what percentage of seniors in Canada had immigrated to Canada from other countries

one-third

apocalyptic demography

the aging of the population to project the high cost of an aging population and predict that population aging will lead economic and social crisis

overall dependency ratio

the combined total number of people age 19 and under and people age 65 plus divided by number of people 20 to 64

Senior dependency ratio

refers to the number of people age 65 and over divided by the population age 20 to 64

youth dependency ratio

refers to the number of people age 0 to 19 divided by the Population age 20-64

crude dependency rates

based solely on the number of people in each age group

since 1930 how many years has the average life span raised

we have added 20 to our average life span

stephan lewis foundation

support community groups in Africa nations that work to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics. drastic change in population age is a demographic change.

epidemiological transition

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

fertility rate versus birth rate

baby bust

its not economically advantageous to have a lot of children anymore, a socio-cultural changes, women rights movement, family planning techniques

benefits of an older population

lower crime rate, healthier lifestyles, improving economy, keeper of traditions and language, unpaid contributions

CSLA

canadian longitudinal study of aging to produce knowledge

what is the goal of CIHR for aging

to improve the quality of life and health of older Canadians by understanding and addressing the consequences of a wide range of factors associated with aging

institutionalized ageism

a tendency to structure society based on an assumption that everyone is young, thereby failing to respond appropriately to the real needs of older persons

internalized ageism

When a person internalizes ageist beliefs and applies them to themselves

limit positive aging because

which is overemphasizing the positive images of aging because there might not be people that could meet this image.

individuals versus population

aging related changes happen in individuals which created changes in populations for our policies for individuals.

contextual effects

features already built attracts older individuals (older people move to good places for them)

compositional effects

high demand for older individuals for built environment will be built (build for older people)

when is population aging not considered a crisis

when we understand the trends AND society responds with evidence-based feasible policies

policy in population aging

a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party

the dependenct ratio now is

not a show for dependency anymore. we need to address that older people can be productive.

if we want healthy older people then

we have to have a healthy baby to have a healthy adult

age relation

intersectionality

social factors as creators of social location

social consequences of ageism

unhealthy aging population, feel like a burden, internalization

why does agism persist

scared to die, learned socialization, social discourse,

age integration theory

a theory that recognizes that societies have both age-segregated and age-integrated institutions that can either impede or enhance the participation of the aged

what does ageism do to society

reinforces integrational conflicts, segregates, deprives of contributions, internalization, impact on well being, delays health goals

Maximum life span and population aging

The max number of years a member of species can live, if the trend of population aging continues more people will live close to max life span

Life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live, men 79.9 women 84.1

Patterns of health and illness in old age

Chronic illness is increasing, decreased immunity, women have higher rates of chronic illness

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

why should we learn about aging

everyone is getting older, it allows us to help others live the best old age possible, more people work with elderly than ever before

chronic illnesses lead to functional disabilities

functional disabilities cause limitations in performance in normal daily activities and can decrease quality of life

ADLs (activities of daily living) versus IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living)

ADLS are activities performed daily (bathing, moving form bed to chair, dressing, eating) IADLS are home management activities (calling, cooking, housework). both can be impacted by illness.

what did Litwin find to improve well-being in older aging physical changes?

a supportive social network makes a big difference. individuals can adapt to the physical changes they face if they have the right support.

what three responses to aging help a person cope with physical decline

1. changes in environment
2. improvements in technology
3. changes in lifestyle

compression of morbidity hypothesis

the idea that severe chronic illness would occur for a short time near the end of life.

three signs of successful aging

low changes of disease and disability, high mental/physical functioning, active engagement in social activities

the SOC Model of Successful Aging

selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC). encourages people to make the most of their abilities. How to use the SOC method?
-select activities that optimize their ability
-when they no longer can engage in certain activities they compensate for loss of them with new goals.

income and quality of life

poorest people experience fewer years of good health in old age. This is related to the environmental stressors that Lower SES leads to:
- poor quality housing
-poor diet
-dangerous environment
-lower levels of education (education plays such a BIG role)

biological aging

progressive decline in physical functions.
INTRINSIC (normal wear and tear)
-variations in speed but a universal experience
EXTRINSIC (environment)
-depend son lifestyle and contextual factors
-we can change this

mortality

death rate

Morbidity

any departure from health

survival

the process of staying alive after event

disabilty

reduction in function

gene-environment interactions

Interactions between environment and expression of genetic traits. its a process from conception to just before death. biology and environment can either work together or against each other. BIOLOGY IS NOT DESTINY

life course theories

links between 'adult health' and physical or social exposures acting during gestation, childhood, adolescence, earlier in adult life and across generations

life course models

1) Critical Period/Biological Imprinting
2) Cumulative/Chains of risk

*Both are valid* depending on what you are looking at

critical period model

When an exposure occurs at a particular moment and can affect future health and have long term outcomes

accumulation of risk model

life course exposures or insults gradually accumulate through episodes of illness, injury, adverse environmental conditions, and health damaging behaviors

Chain of Risk Model

a sequence of linked exposures that raise disease risk because one bad experience or exposure tends to lead to another and then another