Formative Assessment AP1 Cells

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell anatomy and physiology, including cellular transport mechanisms, the cell cycle, and genomic control of metabolism.

Cell Anatomy

The study of the structure and organization of cells, including their components and organelles.

Passive Transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy.

Active Transport

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy, typically in the form of ATP.

Simple Diffusion

The process whereby substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the need for energy.

Facilitated Diffusion

The process of transport involving specific proteins that help move substances across the cell membrane without energy expenditure.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Isotonic Solution

A solution where the solute concentration is equal to that inside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cell, leading to water moving out of the cell.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to the cell, causing water to move into the cell.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A vital active transport mechanism that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell to maintain membrane potential.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or cells.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell takes in small droplets of extracellular fluid.

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A process where cells internalize molecules through the binding of those molecules to specific receptors on the cell surface.

Exocytosis

The process by which a cell expels materials in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Cell Cycle

The series of phases that a cell goes through leading to its division and replication.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division and is subdivided into G1, S, and G2 phases.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis, resulting in two separate cells.

DNA Replication

The process of making a copy of DNA prior to cell division.

mRNA

Messenger RNA, which carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

tRNA

Transfer RNA, which transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis based on the code provided by mRNA.

Triplet Code

The sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or signal during protein synthesis.

Autophagy

The process by which cells degrade and recycle their own components.

Proteasomes

Protein complexes that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs as a normal part of growth and development.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells develop into specialized cell types with distinct functions.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

Atrophy

The reduction in size or number of cells, leading to a decrease in tissue or organ function.

Telomeres

The repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes, which protect them from degradation.