Unit 1 AP Gov

grants in aid

federal money provided to states to implement public policy objectives.

Fiscal federalism

federal gov. uses grants in aid to influence state policy. Influence actions with money.

Unfundable mandates

federal requirements that states follow without being provided with finding.

Block grant

a type of grant in aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds.

Revenue sharing

when the fed. Gov. appoints tax money to states with no strings attached, surplus.

Devolution

returns more authority/power to stats or local gov. Ex. Social welfare policies

NCLB

no child left behind - gov gives money toward education if students pass tests.

US. V Windsor

gay marriage law suit - different rules for gay marriage in all 50 states.

Deposition

not enough

U.S. V Lopez

March 1992 law suit where Alfonzo Lopez Jr. carried a gun to school to sell. Congress lost the debate when arguing that they had the power to enforce the law because guns regulate commerce. 10th amendment

cooperative federalism

states and national gov work together to share public policy.

selective incorporation

process Supreme Court applies to each case, the fundamental rights in the BoR. life liberty property on a case by case basis.

Dual federalism

states and national gov operate independently in their own areas of public policy.

Brutus No. 1

anti-fed. Robert Yates NY 1787 too much power to the national gov, country was too big to be governed as a rep, feared taxing, standing armies prevent liberty, fule of law, abuse, too many ideas, representation, historical democracy. Power: N and P clause, supremacy, tax, courts.

Gonzales v Reich

2002, Rrich and Monson, medical marijuana was ok in California but not in the federal gov. Commerce clause

unitary federalism

National gov has power over subnational.

confederal systems

states have power over national

federal systems

power is divided batwean states and gov

enumerated/expressed powers

power granted to gov through constitution

exclusive powers

powers only the gov can use

implied powers

powers not granted specifically to nat.gov. But considered necissary to carry out enumerated powers.

Supremacy clause

constitution is the law of the land

reserved powers

powers not given to gov but instead retained by states

concurrent powers

powers granted by the constitution to both state and fed gov.

Privileges and immunities clause

Prevents states from discriminating against people from other states.

Majority opinion/concurrent opinion/dissenting oppinion

decision and legal reasoning of majority of justices/voted with majority but different opinion/minority

McCulloch v Maryland

Marshal court back refused to pay taxes to Maryland and state lost. John Marshal, necissary and proper plus supremacy clause. 1819

dynamic

challenging

polatics

process of influencing the actions and policies of the government. Who gets what when and how.

government

The rules and institutions that make up the system of policymaking.

declaration of ind.

1776 Thomas Jefferson (demos-people, kratos-power)Greek July 4th 1776 was approved by congress. Enlightenment arguments: popular sovereignty, gov exists to protec, equality, alt/abolish gov.

John Lock

Born with natural rights no king can take away life liberty property

Montesquieu

Power is split

David Hume

keep power away from the greedy and ambitious

Democracy

power is held by the people

natural rights

life liberty property

social contract

people allow their gov to rule over them to ensure order and functioning society.

American Political Culture

set of belifs traditions and values that Americans share

popular sovereignty

idea that the govt right to rule comes from the people

republicanism

System where people elect a representative to govern them

inalienable rights

rights the gov cannot take away

liberty

social political and economic freedoms

republicanism

focused on common good.

Athens, Rome

Athens direct, Rome indirect

Beuroeocracy

4th branch made up of agencies, FBI, CIA

All Gov do this

make/enforce laws, tax, education, infrastructure, military

how people influence politicians

campaigning/contribute, vote, civil disobedience, contact gov, activist group

Participatory Democracy theory

theory that the widespread participation is essential for democratic gov

civil society groups

independent associations outside the government

pluralist theory

Theory of democracy emphasizes the role of groups in the policymaking

elitist theory

Theory of democracy where elites have disproportionate influence.

political institutions

Structure of gov including executive legislative and judiciary.

Constitutional rep.

A democratic system with elected representatives in which the constitution is the supreme law.

Hyperpluralist theory

Pluralism is correct but it is corrupted/central groups are more powerful than public interest.

Articles of Confederation

create a union of sovereign states in which the states, not the gov are supreme. 13

unicameral

one chamber of congress

Shays Rebellion

uprising in Massachusetts, Daniel Shay’s, gov could do nothing. August 29th 1786

The articles of confederation

Pros: Full faith and credit clause, taking on debt, what states can do Structure: unicameral, 9/13 votes, no executive, no judicial Cons: Money, power of congress, state sovereignty

Constitutional Convention

Philadelphia, famous people went, May 1787, 55 delegates

Writ of habes corpus

the right for people detained by the government to know their charges.

Bills of attainder

when legislature declares someone guilty without trial

ex post facto

you cannot punish someone for a crime that was not against the law when they commit it.

Virginia Plan

James Maddison, 3 branches of gov with bicameral(2 house) legislature, represented based on size.

New Jersey Plan

William Paterson, unicameral legislature one vote, depends on states for revenue, states are reprisented equally.

Grand committee

committee at constitutional convention that worked out the compromise on representation. 1787

Greet(Connecticut) compromise

an agreement on both New Jersey and Virginia plans. Bicameral with house of representatives, elected by people proportionally and senate, appointed equally.

Three fifths compromise

Slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person In representation, no voting

compromise on importation

Congress is not allowed to restrict slave trade until 1808. Escaped slaves must return to owners.

In class notes

Maddison is father of constitution, no Rhodes island, 55 people, Alexander Hamilton

fiscal

gov revenue, tax

separation of powers

gov, distributes powers

checks and balances

a gov where each branch that has power can prevent other branches from making policies.

Expressed/enumerated powers

authority granted to a branch of government in congress through the constitution

implied powers

Authority of fed gov goes above implied powers

Executive

president carry’s out laws

legislative

makes and enforces laws

judicial

Interprets and determines constitutionality of amendments/laws

congress can override veto with 2/3 vote.

veto is when the president refuses to make something a law

amendment

process by which changes/fixing the constitution.

Amendment proposed, then what happens

passes by 2/3 vote in house and senate, or states call a constitutional convention with 2/3 vote, then it is ratified with a ¾ vote from state legislature or ¾ states an constitutional convention.

Federalist Papers

85 essays, for the NY news papers

Federalist No. 51

separation of powers will prevent tyranny through checks and balances, separation of power, bicameralism, and federalism, James Maddison

Faction

a group of self interested people who use their gov to get what they want, trampling peoples rights in the process.

Federalist No. 10

Maddison argues about the dangers of factions, they are lessened by a large republic.

1990

gun free school zone act

2001

U.S. Patriot Act, violated 4th amendment after terrorist attack

Direct democracy

Athens, people directly vote on things

Indirect/representative democracy

Rome, you elect someone to govern you