Biology Midterm Study Guide

parts of nucleotides

sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

nucleic acid elements

CHONP

What are proteins bonded with

peptide bonds

Protein subunits are ______

amino acids

Protein elements ______

CHON

Protein functions

regulate cell processes

Carbohydrates elements

CHO

carbs function

main source of energy for living things

Disaccharide

two sugar subunits

Monosaccharide

one simple sugar

Polysaccharide

many sugars

glucose function

gives cells energy

cellulose function

gives plants strength

glycogen function

energy for muscle movement

starch function

plants store sugar

lipid subunits

3 fatty acids and glycerol

lipid functions

long-term energy, waterproof, steroids, insulation

saturated fat bonds are _________

only C-C

unsaturated fat bonds are _________

at least one C=C

polyunsaturated fat bonds are _________

many C=C

Enzymes are ____________________

proteins that speed up reactions

Enzymes speed up reactions by ______________

lowering activation energy

substrate of enzyme is _______

binds enzyme to be broken or built

active site of an enzyme is _________

where it binds

enzyme characteristics

proteins act as catalysts, have specific size/function, arent changed by reactions, are re-usable

prokaryotic cells are ________

small and simple

nucleoid

circular chromosomes

plasmid

separate, circular, recombinant DNA

All cells have _____________

ribosomes, cytoplasms, cell membranes, and genetic material

ribosomes

make protein

cytoplasm

supports inside and acts as a buffer

cell membrane

regulates what comes in and out

characteristics of life

reproduce, maintain homeostasis, made of cells, require energy, exchange gas

Endosymbiotic theory

an organism lives in another, they become dependent on each other, lead to mitochondria and chloroplasts

nucleus

control center, and holds DNA

Nucleolus

produces monomers of nucleic acids

protist characteristics

mostly unicellular and aquatic

Contractile Vacuole

can pump out water

eyespot

light sensing

Cilia

small hairs for movement

Pseudopod

False foot for movement

Plant only organelles

chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall

chloroplasts

capture light energy

large central vacuole

storage

Cell wall

protects cell

Animal only organelles

small vacuole, lysosomes, centrioles

small vacuole

store water, food, or waste

lysosomes

digestive enzymes break down used materials

centrioles

aid cell division

Schleiden

plants are made of cells

Schwann

animals are made of cells

Hooke

named cells

Virchow

cells come from cells

Scanning Electron Microscope

3D images

Transmission Electron Microscope

internal images of objects

Identify

Photosynthesis

Identify A

Cuticle

Identify B

Upper Epidermis

Identify C

Guard Cells

Identify D

Palisade Mesosophyll

Identify E

Vascular Bundle

Identify F

Spongy Mesosophyll

Identify G

Xylem

Identify H

Phloem

In anaerobic respiration ________

glucose is broken in half

Anaerobic Respiration produces _ ATP’s

4

Photosynthesis reactants

Glucose + Oxygen Gas

Alcoholic Fermentation Reactants

Alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation reactants

lactic acid + 2 ATP

Aerobic Respiration Reactants

Carbon Dioxide + Water + 36/38 Energy

Aerobic Respiration Products

Glucose + Oxygen

Where is ATP made

the mitochondria and cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle

pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into CO2

Electron Transport Chain

high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle convert ADP to ATP

the plasma membrane maintains ___________

homeostasis

hydrophobic

water fearing

hydrophilic

water loving

receptor proteins

how cells communicate with chemical signals

glycoprotein

how cells recognize each other

semipermeable/selectively permeable

allows some molecules in while keeping others out

solute

substance dissolved in a liquid

solvent

the liquid the solute dissolves in

equilibrium

equal amounts on both sides of the membrane

passive transport

movement without energy from high to low concentration

simple diffusion

small substances moving from high to low concentration across the membrane

facilitated diffusion

larger substances moving from high to low concentration across the membrane with the help of transport proteins

osmosis

water moving from high to low concentration across the membrane

hypertonic

solution with high concentration of solute

hypotonic

solution with low concentration of solute

isotonic

solutions with equal solute concentration

active transport

movement with energy from low to high concentration using proteins

exocytosis

movement of large molecules out of the cell

endocytosis

brings material into the cell

channel proteins are ________

proteins that resemble an open pathway

carrier proteins are _________

proteins that open and close

A

phospholipid

A1 is a hydro____ head

philic

A2 is a hydro____ tail

phobic

B

glycolipid

D

Carbohydrate chain