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parts of nucleotides
sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
nucleic acid elements
CHONP
What are proteins bonded with
peptide bonds
Protein subunits are ______
amino acids
Protein elements ______
CHON
Protein functions
regulate cell processes
Carbohydrates elements
CHO
carbs function
main source of energy for living things
Disaccharide
two sugar subunits
Monosaccharide
one simple sugar
Polysaccharide
many sugars
glucose function
gives cells energy
cellulose function
gives plants strength
glycogen function
energy for muscle movement
starch function
plants store sugar
lipid subunits
3 fatty acids and glycerol
lipid functions
long-term energy, waterproof, steroids, insulation
saturated fat bonds are _________
only C-C
unsaturated fat bonds are _________
at least one C=C
polyunsaturated fat bonds are _________
many C=C
Enzymes are ____________________
proteins that speed up reactions
Enzymes speed up reactions by ______________
lowering activation energy
substrate of enzyme is _______
binds enzyme to be broken or built
active site of an enzyme is _________
where it binds
enzyme characteristics
proteins act as catalysts, have specific size/function, arent changed by reactions, are re-usable
prokaryotic cells are ________
small and simple
nucleoid
circular chromosomes
plasmid
separate, circular, recombinant DNA
All cells have _____________
ribosomes, cytoplasms, cell membranes, and genetic material
ribosomes
make protein
cytoplasm
supports inside and acts as a buffer
cell membrane
regulates what comes in and out
characteristics of life
reproduce, maintain homeostasis, made of cells, require energy, exchange gas
Endosymbiotic theory
an organism lives in another, they become dependent on each other, lead to mitochondria and chloroplasts
nucleus
control center, and holds DNA
Nucleolus
produces monomers of nucleic acids
protist characteristics
mostly unicellular and aquatic
Contractile Vacuole
can pump out water
eyespot
light sensing
Cilia
small hairs for movement
Pseudopod
False foot for movement
Plant only organelles
chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall
chloroplasts
capture light energy
large central vacuole
storage
Cell wall
protects cell
Animal only organelles
small vacuole, lysosomes, centrioles
small vacuole
store water, food, or waste
lysosomes
digestive enzymes break down used materials
centrioles
aid cell division
Schleiden
plants are made of cells
Schwann
animals are made of cells
Hooke
named cells
Virchow
cells come from cells
Scanning Electron Microscope
3D images
Transmission Electron Microscope
internal images of objects
Identify
Photosynthesis
Identify A
Cuticle
Identify B
Upper Epidermis
Identify C
Guard Cells
Identify D
Palisade Mesosophyll
Identify E
Vascular Bundle
Identify F
Spongy Mesosophyll
Identify G
Xylem
Identify H
Phloem
In anaerobic respiration ________
glucose is broken in half
Anaerobic Respiration produces _ ATP’s
4
Photosynthesis reactants
Glucose + Oxygen Gas
Alcoholic Fermentation Reactants
Alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation reactants
lactic acid + 2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration Reactants
Carbon Dioxide + Water + 36/38 Energy
Aerobic Respiration Products
Glucose + Oxygen
Where is ATP made
the mitochondria and cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle
pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into CO2
Electron Transport Chain
high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle convert ADP to ATP
the plasma membrane maintains ___________
homeostasis
hydrophobic
water fearing
hydrophilic
water loving
receptor proteins
how cells communicate with chemical signals
glycoprotein
how cells recognize each other
semipermeable/selectively permeable
allows some molecules in while keeping others out
solute
substance dissolved in a liquid
solvent
the liquid the solute dissolves in
equilibrium
equal amounts on both sides of the membrane
passive transport
movement without energy from high to low concentration
simple diffusion
small substances moving from high to low concentration across the membrane
facilitated diffusion
larger substances moving from high to low concentration across the membrane with the help of transport proteins
osmosis
water moving from high to low concentration across the membrane
hypertonic
solution with high concentration of solute
hypotonic
solution with low concentration of solute
isotonic
solutions with equal solute concentration
active transport
movement with energy from low to high concentration using proteins
exocytosis
movement of large molecules out of the cell
endocytosis
brings material into the cell
channel proteins are ________
proteins that resemble an open pathway
carrier proteins are _________
proteins that open and close
A
phospholipid
A1 is a hydro____ head
philic
A2 is a hydro____ tail
phobic
B
glycolipid
D
Carbohydrate chain