Exercise Science Exam 3

Biomechanics

Study of the human body at rest and in motion using physics and mechanics.

Static Biomechanics

Study of bodies at rest or moving at constant velocity.

Dynamic Biomechanics

Study of bodies speeding up or slowing down.

Kinematics

Study of motion without regard to forces.

Kinetics

Study of forces that cause or result from motion.

Clinical Biomechanics

Improves ability of injured/disabled individuals to perform daily activities.

Sport Biomechanics

Uses mechanics to improve sport performance and equipment.

Linear Motion

Motion where all points move same speed, direction, and distance.

Angular Motion

Movement around an axis of rotation.

General Motion

Combination of linear and angular motion.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body left/right; flexion and extension occur here.

Frontal Plane

Divides body front/back; abduction/adduction occur here.

Transverse Plane

Divides body top/bottom; rotation occurs here.

Mediolateral Axis

Axis for sagittal plane movements.

Anteroposterior Axis

Axis for frontal plane movements.

Longitudinal Axis

Axis for transverse plane movements.

Compression

Force that squeezes tissues together.

Tension

Force pulling tissues apart.

Shear

Force parallel to a surface.

Torsion

Twisting force around a longitudinal axis.

Acute Load

High force applied once.

Repetitive Load

Low force applied repeatedly.

Ergonomics

Study of human interaction with equipment and environments.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation from enjoyment or satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation from external rewards.

Arousal

Physiological and psychological activation.

Drive Theory

Performance increases with arousal.

Inverted-U Hypothesis

Moderate arousal = best performance.

Attention

Ability to focus on relevant information.

Anxiety

State of uneasiness related to uncertainty.

Depression

Emotional dejection and withdrawal.

Psychological Well-being

Improved emotional and mental state.

Exercise Adherence

Ability to stick with a physical activity program.

Motor Behavior

Study of motor development, learning, and control.

Motor Development

Changes in motor behavior across the lifespan.

Motor Learning

How individuals learn and refine skills.

Motor Control

How the nervous system controls movement.

Stimulus Recognition

Identifying important information from environment.

Response Selection

Choosing a movement or action.

Response Programming

Initiating the chosen movement.

Short-term Memory

Temporary storage of information.

Long-term Memory

Permanent storage of information.

Contextual Interference

Better learning when practicing varied tasks.

Knowledge of Results

Feedback given after a movement.

Closed-loop Control

Movement using feedback.

Open-loop Control

Fast movement done without feedback.

Fitness Testing

Measures physical capabilities and performance.

Diagnostic Testing

Identifies disease risk or injury.

Validity

Test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Reliability

Test produces consistent results.

Treadmill

Equipment used to assess aerobic capacity.

Ergometer

Device measuring work output.

VO2 Measurement

Assesses oxygen consumption during exercise.

Pulmonary Function Test

Measures lung volume and airflow.

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Records electrical activity of the heart.

Pulse Oximeter

Measures blood oxygen saturation.

Force Platform

Measures ground reaction forces.

Isokinetic Dynamometer

Measures muscle force at constant speed.

DEXA

Scans bone density and body composition.

Bioelectric Impedance

Estimates body fat using electrical currents.

Skinfold Assessment

Measures subcutaneous fat using calipers.

Anthropometrics

Measures size and proportion of the body.