learning approach

Flashcards in the style of fill-in-the-blank questions from the provided lecture notes.

Capafons et al (1998) aimed to assess the effectiveness of __ in the treatment of fear of flying.

Systematic desensitisation

In Capafons et al (1998), __ adults with a fear of flying took part in the study.

41

Capafons et al (1998) used __ to recruit participants via a media campaign with a free intervention program.

Volunteer sampling

Capafons et al (1998) study was conducted on a __ population making it ethnocentric.

Spanish

In Capafons et al (1998) __ were the physiological measures taken to assess fear of flying.

Heart rate, palm temperature, muscle tension

In Capafons et al (1998), participants were assessed using two questionnaires __.

Fear of Flying scale and Scale measuring expectations for danger and anxiety

The use of several anxiety measures in Capafons et al (1998)'s study improved ___.

Reliability

In Capafons et al (1998), participants sat __ from the screen during the flight simulation.

1.8 meters

A weakness of Capafons et al (1998) is that measures of anxiety were only taken shortly after the treatment impacting __.

Internal validity

A limitation of Capafons et al (1998) study is we do not know how long the __ lasted.

Benefits of therapy

In Capafons et al (1998), __ of participants in the treatment condition had a significant reduction in symptoms.

90%

Capafons et al (1998) has applications for __ in choosing a treatment for the fear of flying.

Clinical psychologists

Clinical psychologists are committed to __ , meaning they must provide treatments that are known to work.

Evidence based practice

Brendgen et al (2005) is a __.

Twin Study

The types of twins are __.

Monozygotic and Dizygotic

__ is a measure of similarity, usually expressed as a percentage.

Concordance Rate

__ considers both nature and nurture of a person.

Interactionist

__ may be more open to treatment.

Extroverts

Researchers underestimate __ when they are looking at factors.

Nature and nurture

Behaviourists argue that conditioning processes are __ in all animals.

Same

It may not be justifiable to generalize from animals to humans - especially when __ behaviors, for eg. addiction, are being studied.

Complex

More __ behaviours can be studied in mammals and generalised to humans.

Cognitive

Joan Dunayer (2002) argues that animal legislation simply sets the standards for __ of animals.

Imprisonment, enslavement, hurting and killing

__ injected rainbow trout with bee venom and found that the fish started rocking from side to side, this indicated distress and pain.

Sneddon et al (2003)

__ declared that all animals are sentient.

Treaty of Lisbon (2009)

Peter Singer (1990) argues that discrimination on the basis of membership of a species is known as __.

Specieism

The Specific Procedures Act (1986) relates only to __ .

Vertebrate animals

The processes that need to be considered when using animals are Replacement, Reduction, __.

3Rs

The name of the researcher who conducted studies that investigated aggression was __.

Bandura, 1961, 1963, 1965

Bandura's (1961) study used __ to remove participant variables.

Matched pairs design

Participants in Bandura's (1961, 1963, 1965) were selected from __ .

Stanford University nursery

Bandura's (1963) study used __.

Independent groups design

Bandura's (1965) study investigated the influence of reinforcing the model with __.

Reward

Aggressive behaviors were categorized as __.

Imitative aggression, partially imitative, non-imitative aggression

Observing aggressive behavior may weaken __.

Social inhibitors

__ may affect the validity of the Bandura's experiment.

Demand characteristics

Bandura's (1961, 1963, 1965) studies can be used to support __.

TV Censorship

In Operant conditioning, behaviours are based on __.

ABC model

__ can be learned through understanding the consequences of our actions in Operant conditioning.

Voluntary behaviour

__ rewards the desired behaviour by adding something pleasant.

Positive reinforcement

__ is an undesirable behaviour is punished by introducing something unpleasant.

Positive punishment

__ is a system in which targeted behaviours are reinforced with tokens.

Token economy

Pavlov's (1927) experiment shows how salvation becomes associated with new stimuli unrelated to food and the properties of this association through __.

Repeated pairings

__ is a signal in the brain between a UCS and an NS that occurs before the UCS.

Signalisation

Jansen et al (2003) showed that overweight children have strong associations between cues that predict the arrival of food and the salivation response demonstrating __.

Classical conditioning

__ is a behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning.

Systematic desensitisation

__ involves immediate exposure to a very frightening situation.

Flooding

Classical conditioning is a form of __ learning.

Association

The generalization of a conditioned response happens when __.

Stimulus generalisation

In Skinner's expirement, the reiforcement delivery depended on the __.

Schedules of Reinforcement