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Speech segmentation

The process of dividing continuous speech into distinct words despite no clear acoustic boundaries

Coarticulation

Overlap of speech sounds where one phoneme affects another

Phonemic restoration effect

Listeners perceptually fill in missing speech sounds using context

Categorical perception

Perceiving speech sounds as discrete categories despite continuous variation

Generativity of language

Ability to produce infinite novel sentences from finite rules

Linguistic universals

Structural properties shared by all human languages

Garden path sentence

Sentence that initially leads to incorrect parsing

Minimal attachment strategy

Tendency to choose the simplest syntactic structure first

Prosody

Pitch rhythm and intonation cues that convey meaning and emotion

Pragmatics

Understanding intended meaning using context beyond literal words

Overregularization errors

Applying grammatical rules to irregular forms in language development

Semantic bootstrapping

Learning grammar based on word meanings

Syntactic bootstrapping

Learning word meaning based on sentence structure

Broca’s aphasia

Impaired speech production with relatively intact comprehension

Wernicke’s aphasia

Fluent but meaningless speech with impaired comprehension

Double dissociation

Evidence that two cognitive functions rely on separate neural systems

Linguistic relativity

Language influences habitual thought patterns

Image scanning effect

Mental scanning time increases with imagined distance

Mental rotation effect

Reaction time increases linearly with angle of rotation

Functional equivalence

Imagery and perception share overlapping neural mechanisms

Imagery perception interference

Imagery competes with perception for shared resources

Selective imagery deficits

Visual and spatial imagery can be impaired independently

Boundary extension

Remembering a wider scene than was actually viewed

Distributed semantic representation

Concept meaning stored across multiple brain areas

Availability heuristic

Judging likelihood based on ease of recall

Representativeness heuristic

Judging probability based on similarity to a prototype

Base rate neglect

Ignoring statistical frequency information

Illusion of covariation

Perceiving relationships where none exist

Confirmation bias

Favoring information that supports existing beliefs

Belief bias

Judging arguments by plausibility instead of logic

Dual process model

Fast intuitive System 1 and slow analytical System 2 thinking

System 1 thinking

Fast automatic heuristic based reasoning

System 2 thinking

Slow effortful analytical reasoning

Wason selection task

Task demonstrating confirmation bias

Framing effect

Decision preferences change based on presentation

Utility theory

Decisions based on maximizing expected value

Risk aversion

Preference for certain gains over risky options

Endowment effect

Overvaluing objects simply because one owns them

Somatic marker hypothesis

Decision making guided by emotional bodily signals

General intelligence

Overall capacity to reason learn and solve problems

Test reliability

Consistency of test results across time or forms

Test validity

Degree to which a test measures what it claims

Split half reliability

Internal consistency between two halves of a test

Fluid intelligence

Problem solving ability in novel situations

Crystallized intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and experience

Heritability of intelligence

Proportion of population variance due to genetics

Flynn effect

Rise in average IQ scores over generations

Stereotype threat

Performance impairment caused by stereotype awareness