Chapter 9: Social and Emotional Development (copy)

Exam 2 covers chapters 6-10

Attachment

emotional tie to another, characterized by seeking closeness and separation distress

imprinting

phenomena where animals form an extremely close and dependent bond with 1st animal they see

familiarity

formed during critical period

bodily contact

soft, warm touching or arousing, secure base

attachment styles

secure

insecure avoidant

insecure ambivalent/anxious

insecure disorganized/disoriented

secure attachment

trusts caregivers

distressed by strangers and being abandoned but finds consolation in caregiver

insecure avoidant attachment

distrusts caregiver

avoids caregiver and not distressed by separation or strangers

insecure ambivalent/anxious attachment

distressed by strangers and being abandoned but does not find consolation in caregiver

insecure disorganized/disoriented attachment

distressed by strangers, abandoned, and caregiver. erratic behaviors like freezing and odd gestures

reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

rare disorder where child forms no attachment. May be distressed by strangers and caregivers or may show no emotion towards either.

interactional synchrony

synchronization between caregiver and child’s behavior

mirror neurons

help develop a theory of mind (with age infants begin to imitate each other) (have never been confirmed in humans, for ethical reasons)

stranger anxiety

caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person

separation anxiety

distress displayed by infants when usual care provider leaves their presence

social smiling

smile that a baby makes in response to social stimuli, becomes more frequent towards humans

nonverbal encoding

nonverbal expression of emotion

nonverbal decoding

interpreting others’ facial and vocal expressions that carry meaning

social referencing

intentional search for cues about others’ feelings to explain uncertain situations

false belief task

a test that assesses a person’s ability to understand that others may have different beliefs than their own

theory of mind (ToM)

reading faces and social signals is challenging for individuals with ASD

alexithymia

causes deficits in emotional regulation and impairment in socioemotional communication. Frequently comorbid with ASD (~50%).

neurological bases of emotion (brain structure)

amygdala, hippocampus, and ventromedial cortex

anxiety

feeling of apprehension or tension in reaction to stressful situations, can develop anxiety disorders

disengagement theory - adult happiness theory

gradual withdrawal from the world of physical, psychological, and social level

activity theory - adult happiness theory

continued involvement, happiness springs from involvement with the world

continuity theory - adult happiness theory

maintain desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize sense of well-being and self-esteem

personality

total sum of enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another

temperament

patterns of arousal and emotionally consistent with enduring characteristics of an individual, reflected primarily in activity level and irritability

easy babies

positive disposition, curious, moderate emotions

difficult babies

negative moods, slow to adapt

slow to warm babies

inactive, calm reactions, negative mood

goodness of fit

development dependent on match between child’s temperament and nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

considers how individuals come to understand themselves and meaning of others - and their own - behavior

midlife crisis

a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite

life review

common theme of personality development

traits

enduring dimensions of personality characteristics along which people differ