Chapter 26: Art of the Americas

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47 Terms

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Ashlar masonry
carefully cut and grooved stones that support a building without the use of concrete or other kinds of masonry
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Bandolier bag
a large heavily beaded pouch with a slit on top worn at the waist with a strap over the shoulders
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Chacmool
a Mayan figure that is half-sitting and half-lying on his back
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Corbel arch
a vault formed by layers of stone that gradually grow closer together as they rise and eventually meet
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Coyolxauhqui
an Aztec moon goddess whose name means “Golden Bells”
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Huitzilopochtli
an Aztec god of the sun and war; sometimes represented as an eagle or as a hummingbird
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Kiva
a circular room wholly or partly underground used for religious rites
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Potlatch
a ceremonial feast among northwest coast American Indians in which a host demonstrates his or her generosity by bestowing gifts
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Pueblo
a communal village of flat-roofed structures of many stories that are stacked in terraces; made of stone or adobe
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Relief sculpture
a sculpture that projects from a flat background
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Repoussé
(French, meaning “to push back”) a type of metal relief sculpture in which the back side of a plate is hammered to form a raised relief on the front
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Roof comb
a wall rising from the center ridge of a building to give the appearance of greater height
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Teepee
a portable Indian home made of stretched hides placed over wooden poles
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Tlaloc
ancient American god who was highly revered; associated with rain, agriculture, and war
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T’oqapu
small rectangular shapes in an Inkan garment
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Transformation mask
A mask worn in ceremonies by people of the Pacific Northwest, Canada, or Alaska. The chief feature of the mask is its ability to open and close, going from a bird-like exterior to a human-faced interior
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Chavín
a civilization in coastal Peru named after its main archaeological site.
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Anasazi culture
The \______ was referred to as "ancient ones" or "ancient enemies" in Navajo language.
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Anasazi
the name used for ancient puebloans known for their detailed pueblos made of local materials.
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Aztec art
It is best known for its abundance of gold jewelry, as well as intricately carved jade and turquoise pieces.
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Inkan
\________ architecture is remarkable for constructing cities in extremely challenging locations.
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Chavín de Huántar
Chavín de Huántar
* A religious capital.
* Temple, 60 meters tall, was adorned with a jaguar sculpture, a symbol of power.
* Hidden entrance to the temple led to stone corridors.
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Lanzón Stone
Lanzón Stone
* Served as a cult figure; Center of pilgrimage
* 15 feet tall.
* 900–200 B.C.E. (Peru)
* Head of snakes and a face of a jaguar.
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Nose ornament
Nose ornament
* Elite men and women wore these as emblems of their ties to the religion and eventually were buried with them.
* Held in place by the semicircular section at the top.
* A hammered gold alloy
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Yaxchilán
* Found in Chiapas, Mexico


* City set on a high terrace; plaza surrounded by important buildings.
* Flourished c. 300–800 C.E.
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Structure 40, Yaxchilán
* Built by ruler Bird Jaguar IV for his son, who dedicated it to him.
* Roof remains nearly intact, with a large roof comb (ornamented stone tops on roofs).
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Lintel 25, Structure 33, Yaxchilán
Lintel 25, Structure 33, Yaxchilán
* Roof remains nearly intact, with a large roof comb (ornamented stone tops on roofs).
* originally set above the central doorway of Structure 23 as a part of a series of three lintels.
* intended to relay a message of the refoundation of the site
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Structure 33, Yaxchilán
Structure 33, Yaxchilán
* Restored temple structure.
* Remains of roof comb with perforations.
* Three central doorways lead to a large single room.
* Corbel arch interior.
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Mesa Verde cliff dwellings
Mesa Verde cliff dwellings
* The top ledge houses supplies in a storage area; cool and dry area out of the way; accessible only by ladder.
* The pueblo was built into the sides of a cliff, housed about one hundred people.
* Inhabited for two hundred years; probably abandoned when the water source dried up.
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Great Serpent Mound
Great Serpent Mound
* Many mounds were enlarged and changed over the years, not built in one campaign.
* Effigy mounds popular in Mississippian culture.
* Associated with snakes and crop fertility.
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Templo Mayor (Main Temple)
Templo Mayor (Main Temple)
* Pyramids built one atop the other so that the final form encases all previous pyramids; seven building campaigns.
* destruction and reuse of its stones by the Spanish asserted a political and spiritual dominance over the conquered civilization.
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Coyolxauhqui
Coyolxauhqui
* **C**ircular relief sculpture.
* Once brilliantly painted.
* So called because of the bells she wears as earrings.
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Calendar Stone
Calendar Stone
* Circular shape reflects the cyclic nature of time.
* Two calendar systems, separate but intertwined.
* Calendars synced every fifty-two years in a time of danger, when the Aztecs felt a human sacrifice could ensure survival.
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Olmec-style mask
Olmec-style mask
* Found on the site; actually a much older work executed by the Olmecs.
* Made of jadeite.
* Shows that the Aztecs collected and embraced artwork from other cultures
* Shows that the Aztecs had a wide-ranging merchant network that traded historical items.
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Ruler’s feather headdress
Ruler’s feather headdress
* Only known Aztec feather headdress in the world.
* Headdress possibly part of a collection of artifacts given by Motechuzoma
* Made from 400 long green feathers
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Maize cobs
Maize cobs
* Repoussé technique.
* May have been part of a garden in which full-sized metal sculptures of plants and other items were put in place alongside actual plants in the Qorinkancha garden.
* was celebrated by having sculptures fashioned out of sheet metal.
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City of Cusco
City of Cusco
* In the shape of the puma, a royal animal.
* Modern plaza is in the place where the puma’s belly would be.
* Head, a fortress; heart, a central square.
* Historic capital of the Inka Empire.
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Qorikancha
Qorikancha
* Once was an observatory for priests to chart the skies.
* placed at the convergence of the four main highways and connected to the four districts of the empire;
* the temple cemented the symbolic importance of religion
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Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman)
Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman)
* Ashlar masonry.
* Ramparts contain stones weighing up to seventy tons, brought from a quarry two miles away.
* Complex outside the city of Cusco, Peru, at the head of the puma-shaped plan of the city.
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Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu
* Buildings built of stone with perfectly carved rock rendered in precise shapes and grooved together; thatched roofs.
* Originally functioned as a royal retreat.
* The estate of fifteenth-century Inkan rulers.
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Observatory in Machu Picchu
Observatory in Machu Picchu
* Highest point at Machu Picchu.
* Used to chart the sun’s movements; also known as the Temple of the Sun.
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Intihuatana Stone in Machu Picchu
Intihuatana Stone in Machu Picchu
* aligns with the sun at the spring and the autumn equinoxes, when the sun stands directly over the pillar and thus creates no shadow.
* Inkan ceremonies held in concert with this event.
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All-T’oqapu tunic
All-T’oqapu tunic
* Wearing such an elaborate garment indicates the status of the individual.
* May have been worn by an Inkan ruler.
* Exhibits Inkan preference for abstract designs, standardization of designs, and an expression of unity and order.
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Bandolier bag
Bandolier bag
* It was made for men and women; objects of prestige.
* Functional and beautiful; acted also as a status symbol as part of an ­elaborate garb.
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Transformation mask
Transformation mask
* The mask has a birdlike exterior face; when opened, it reveals a second human face on the interior.
* The masks were worn by native people of the Pacific.
* During a ritual performance, the wearer opens and closes the transformation mask using strings.
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Hide Painting of the Sun Dance
Hide Painting of the Sun Dance
* Depicts traditional aspects of the Plains people’s culture that were nostalgic rather than practical
* Worn as a robe over the shoulders of the warrior.
* Depicts biographical details; personal accomplishments; heroism; battles.
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Black-on-black ceramic vessel
Black-on-black ceramic vessel
* By Maria Martínez and Julian Martínez
* Black-on-black vessel; Contrasting shiny black and matte black finishes.
* Comes from the thousand-year-old tradition of pottery making in the Southwest.