Anatomy second lecture

Another organ that is both exocrine and endocrine and located in the mesoduodenum is

the pancreas

Are testes exocrine or endocrine organs

they are both

• produce testertone (exocrine)

• secretes semen (endocrine)

So gametes that are produced here have to be transported where

they get deposited to the epididymis and then through the ductus deferens join the urinary system

Where is sperm made

in the testes

Paired gonadal duct systems composed of what

Epididymis and ductus deferens

How is the sperm transported

Urethra (bladder to penis)

What is the function of Accessory sex glands:

Contributes to the bulk of the semen

What is the main Copulatory organ

Penis

What are other structures in the Male Reproductive System

Skin adaptations, the scrotum and the prepuce

Which animal has the biggest glands"?

boars have the biggest gland volume is higher compare to the size of the body

The ductus deferns joins what organ

it joins the urethra paricularly inside the prostate gland

Dogs have how many accessroy sex glands ?

just one

Some of these accessory sex glands secrete, what do they secrete

they secrete something more alkaline because the females reporductive tract is acidic, so semn has to be akaline and its protected

What are the components of the prostate gland

it has 2 components the body as well as the disseminated part

What is the pelvic urethra

the part of the uretha that’s within the prostate we call it the prostatic urethra

THe pelvic urethra becomes what

it becomes the penile urethra that runs inside the penis

Some species the uretha extends beyond and that is called what

the urethral process

What species is known for a urethral process

small ruminats

Describe the scrotom and testis of the bull and ram

• its long and pendulous

• hanging in the inguinal area

Who has bigger testicles ram or bull

ram

Are the testicles of the cat and pig pendulous

no they are not

For the ca and horse where are the testicles located

they are located just below the anus and preanial

Describe the location of the horse testiclees

the head of the epididymis is up vertically then the body and the tail is tilted forward

• globular

Epididymis sinus is similar to what

it is similar to the testicular bursa, basically where the middle body next to the testes

The connection between the testes and epididymis is called the

proper ligament of the testes

In the lateral surface of the testis what will you find

the epididymis

the connection between the tail of the epididmis and the parietal vaginal tunic is called

the ligament of the tail of epidiymis

So why are there remnants of the gubernaculum

because gubernaculum basically was guiding/pulling testicles from abdomen through the inguinal canl into the sarcotal sac

Suspended by a fold of the peritoneum is called

the missochium

So from the tail of the epididymis what structure is being composed

the ductus tephrons

Whereas the ductis deference is suspended by

mesoductus deference

What is the cremaster muscle

is the skeletal muscle that’s required for thermoregulation, coming from the internal abdominal oblique

What is the tunica dartos

smooth muscle combined with some connective tissue

Why is the tunica dartos important

because this also plays a role in thermoregulation, this is the ones that gives wrinly appeareance to the scrotum

Whenever it gets cold the testes become more wrinky why ?

because this process, where you can make the wrinkly, prevents heat evaporation and also pushes the testicles closer to the body

External spermatic fascia is what

the connective tissue and then we have the creation of the cremaster muscle

What does the term viscerl mean

its attaching to the testes to give that shiny appearance,, and below it is the tunic albumina

Testes vessels are suspend by

missorchium

Does the ductus deferens has its own blood vessels?

yes they do they have their own blood vessels, the artery of the ducturs deferens and veins of the ductus derence

What is the the combination of the ductus deference by the fold of the pertoneum called

the mesoducts stephens

The seminfevestibulles leave where ?

they leave and form the straught tubules

the straight tubules are ?

they join together and make the reti-restetes

The reti-testes become what

the epididymal efferent ductus meaning they carry away the spermatoza and still going through maturation

Spermatomoza go the what ?

to the head then to the body and lastly at the tail where they are going to be fertilized, then they travel to the ductus stephens

the single tube is going into the space is called

the mediastium

Where else did you hear about the mediastium

the thorax mediastium

Where does the ductus deferens emerge from

Emerge medial to epididymis

Where does the ductus deferens penetrate

Penetrate prostate gland

The ductus deferens is suppled by what

Supplied by the a. of the ductus deferens

What is the point of Pampiniform plexus

allows for thermoregulation

in the ductus deferens what kind of nerves we got

Testicular nerves (sympathetic)

How would you describe the testicular veins

they are torturous, they are circling the tsticular artery and they are doing the heat exchange

What is the role of teticular veins

they carry blood away from the testes

What do testicular artery does

they bring the warm blood from the abdominla cvity because the testicular artery is more direct branch of the abdominal aorta

Describe the dogs testicular veins

they become straight as soon as they enter the superficial inguinal ring until that point they are very tortous

The ductus deferenes also becomes what

it becomes straight and passes the vaginal ring it has to be traveled caudal medial where as the vessels are going more towards the abdominal cavity because they have to join

If its a vein it has to join what

it has to join the renal vein on the left side or the caudal vena cava on the right side

The testicular artery is comin from

the aorta, ducuts deferens on both sides, they have to travel caudally because they are heading to prostate gland

Then the prostate gets penetrated and enter

the ductus deferens is supplied by a small artery called the the artery of the ductus deferens → this artery comes from the prostatic artery

Why are there lymphatic drainage in the testes

becayse lymph fluid is extraceullar fluid that oozes out and has to be drained

Are testicular nervessympathetic

yes they are

Have you seen conditions where there are both in humans and animals you can actually see swelling of the testes? Why?

because you can actually see swelling of the testes sometimes due to excess lympahtic fluid accumulating in the testicules

Why don’t we see the lympathic vessels in our speciemen

they are reallyl tiny and collapse unless they are injected with inda ink

Sympathetic innervation is dominant for:

• Sperm transport

• Emission/Ejaculation

Parasympathetic innervation is dominant for:

• Erection (penile vasodilation)

The testes themselves have minimal

parasympathetic influence; autonomic control is mainly sympathetic and vasomotor.

What are parts of the urethra

- Internal/Pelvic (mucosal tube)

- External/Spongy

Can the urethra be palpated ?

Can be palpated per rectum

Pelvic urethra surrounded by

urethrali muscle

Does the urethra run inside the penis or outside the os-penis

it runs below the os penis to the base has a ventral groove, the urethra runs ventral to the bone

In large animals such as bovine and horrses the uretha can be palpated

yes!

What is the ampullar defece

one sex called the ampullary gland or ampular deference is simply an expansion of the ductus

Some species where they have vesicular as well as ampillary gland what do they combine

they combein and make an ejaculatory duct, which is what is opening here

Accessory Sex Glands- of horses

has an ampillary gland + vesticular gland = ejaculatory duct

Accessory Sex Glands- of the bull

prostate gland is small

Accessory Sex Glands- of the boar

• small but neglible. ampillary gland

  • bu bulburethral glands

Accessory Sex Glands- of dogs

• can see prostate gland

• no bulbourethral

Accessory Sex Glands- in cars

• prostate gland present

• bulburated gland

• but also has a urethral bulboa gland

Which animals have an os penis

cats and dogs

How many coulmns of the erectile tissue

three columns

Columns are independent at the

root

Columns are fuse at the

body

Urethra is surrounded by

corpus spongiosum

corpus spongiosum

Bulbospongiosus m.

What are the muscles of the penis and prepuce

Ischiocavernosus (paired)

Bulbospongiosus (unpaired)

Retractor penis (paired)

Which msucles are paired

Ischiocavernosus (paired)

Retractor penis (paired)

Which msucles are unpaired

Bulbospongiosus (unpaired)

The retractor penis is it paired or sepearte in ruminants

it is seperated

Crura arise from the

the ischial arch on the left and right and are surrounded by tunica albuginia which are surrounded by ischio cavernous muscle both on the left and right

The urethra wchich is traveling inside surrounded by

its own cavernous tissues the corpus spongiosum

The cavernous tissue expands and forms what

it forms a bulb of the penis which is surrounded by the bulb ousspongious muscle

There’s also another muscles that runs whhich is the

retractor penis

The ischia cavernus surrounds what

it surrounds the ereticle tissue

Bulbous spongiosis muscles surrounds what

the bulb of the penis

the bulb of the penis is the expansion of what

the expansion of the urethra surrounded by its own ereticl tissues the corpus spongiosum

What is the bulb spongiosis

spongy, squishy eretcile tissue and then we have the expansion of the formation of the bulb

Bulbous glandis does what

which is an expansion of the erectile tissue

Glands has a longer part where we see what

where we see the openeing of the urethra there is fibrocrtliaginous end of the aspins

What happens during copulation in dogs

once the male mounts there is an expansion and locking mechnism required because the muscles in female they constrict and don’t allow the make to withdraw