ch. 7 - vertebral column & thoracic cage

the axial skeleton is composed of how many bones?

80 bones

how many bones does the vertebral column consists of ?

26 bones

what are the functions of the vertebral column ?

1. main support of the body axis

2. extends from the skull to the pelvis

3. transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs

4. surrounds and protects the spinal cord

5. provides attachment points for the ribs, and muscles of the neck and back

what are the regions of the vertebral column ?

• 7 cervical vertebrae

• 12 thoracic vertebrae

• 5 lumbar vertebrae

• sacrum

• coccyx

what is the vertebral arch composed of ?

two pedicles and two laminae

what passes through the vertebral foramen ?

the spinal cord and spinal nerve

the spinous process is…

median posterior projection. It is the attachment site for muscles and ligaments that move and stabilize the vertebral column

the transverse process…

projects laterally from each pedicle-lamina junction. is the attachment site for muscles and ligaments

the atlas is special because

it lacks a body and a spinous process. the superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles of the skull.

the atlas is articulated to what and how?

the atlas is articulated to the occipital condyle by its superior articular facet, and the inferior articular facet articulates to the axis

what makes the axis special to the atlas ?

the axis has a body and a spinous process. it also contains a knoblike dens projecting superiorly from its body

what is the function of the dens in the axis (C2)

the dens participates in rotating the head from side to side. its cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas

what are the characteristics of the cervical vertebrae C₃ - C₇

• the body is wider laterally.

• spinous processes are short and projects directly posteriorly.

• spinous processes are also bified (except C₇ )

• each transverse process contains a transverse foramen

which vertebral column receives the most stress?

the lumbar vertebrae

how many fused vertebrae is the sacrum formed from?

5 (s₁ - S₂)

sacral promontory (“a high point of land projecting into the sea”)

is the anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebral that bulges anteriorly onto the pelvic cavity

anterior sacral foramina

transmit the ventral division of the sacral spinal nerves

median sacral crest represent what ?

represents the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

the posterior sacral foramina transmit….

transmit the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves

what is the vertebral canal called int he sacrum ?

the sacral canal

how many vertebrae are fused together to form the coccyx?

3 to 5 vertebrae

what are the components of the thoracic cage ?

• thoracic vertebrae - posteriorly

• ribs - laterally

• sternum and coastal cartilage - anteriorly

the manubrium

the superior section of the sternum. The clavicular notches is the superior portion that articulate with the clavicles superiolaterally

the body of the sternum articulate with which ribs

the costal cartilages of ribs 2-7

what are considered the “true ribs” ?

the 7 ribs that attach directly to the sternum by their coastal cartilage

what are considered the “false ribs” ?

ribs 8-12 that are attached to the sternum indirectly or not at all

whats the non colored portion ?

the vertebral body

whats the purple part?

the lamina

whats the green part?

the pedicle

whats the orange part?

the spinous process

whats the red part?

the transverse process

whats the yellow part?

the superior articular facet

whats the center opening of the vertebrae?

the vertebral foramen

whats the purple part?

the superior articular process with facet

whats the red part?

the inferior articular process with facet

whats the green opening ?

the intervertebral foramen

which vertebrae is this?

the atlas C₁ vertebrae of the cervical vertebrae

posterior tubercle

anterior tubercle

posterior arch

anterior arch

transverse foramen

what is this facet and how does it differ from its opposite?

this is the superior articular facet that receives the occipital condyles. This is more oval shaped compared to the interior articular facet that is more round

transverse process

dens of axis cervical vertebrae

what vertebrae is this?

the axis C₂ vertebra

body of axis cervical vertebra

lamina of axis cervical vertebra

spinous process of axis vertebra

what vertebrae is this?

this is the basic structure of cervical vertebrae C₃ - C₇

cervical vertebrae bifid spinous process

what vertebrae is this?

thoracic vertebrae T₁ - T₁₂

transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebrae for tubercle of rib

superior costal facet for head of rib. The inferior costal facet for head of rib is below

thoracic vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae L₁ - L₅

sacrum

median sacral crest

posterior sacral foramen

anterior sacral foramen

sacral canal

whats the yellow?

sacral promontory

coccyx

whats the entire colored portion?

the sternum

whats the green part?

the manubrium

whats the blue portion?

the body of the sternum

whats the purple part?

the xiphoid process

whats the upper most part of the manubrium of the sternum called?

the jugular notch

whats the area the calvical bones are attached to the sternum called?

the clavicular notch

describe whats in the image

the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae. Tubercle facet of rib articulated with the transverse costal facet

what part of the rib is articulated with the superior costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae?

The head of the rib articulates with the superior costal facet

what is the sternal end of the rib?

the end of the rib that attaches to the costal cartilage

the superior and inferior vertebral notches

cervical curvature

secondary

thoracic curvature

primary

lumbar curvature

secondary

sacral curvature

primary