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Last updated 2:34 AM on 5/27/23
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116 Terms

1
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Pamanahong papel
Ito ay isang uri ng papel-pampananaliksik na karaniwang ipinagagawa sa mga estudyante bilang isa sa mga pangangailangan sa isang larangang akademiko.
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Pamanahong papel
Ito ay nagsisilbing kulminasyon ng mga pasulat na gawain kaugnay ng pag-aaral ng isang paksa sa isang kurso o asignatura sa loob ng isang panahon o term.
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Pamanahong papel
Ang sulating pananaliksik ay isang paglalahad ng kinalabasan ng isang pagtuklas at pagtatalakay ng mga bagay-bagay hango sa mga nakalap na impormasyon mula sa mga inilathala ng mga taong nagsaliksik at nag-aral tungkol sa iba't ibang paksa.
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Mga pahinang preliminari
Fly leaf 1
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Fly leaf 1
Ang pinaka unang pahina ng pamanahong papel.
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Mga pahinang preliminari
Pamagating pahina
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Pamagating pahina
Tawag sa pahinang nagpapakilala sa pamagat ng pamanahong papel.
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Pamagating pahina
Nakasaad din dito kung kanino iniharap o ipinasa ang papel, kung saang asignatura, kung sino ang gumawa at komplesyon.
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Mga pahinang preliminari
Dahon ng pagpapatibay
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Dahon ng pagpapatibay
Ito ang pahinang kumukumpirma sa pagkakapasa ng mananaliksik at pagtanggap ng guro ng pamanahong papel.
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Mga pahinang preliminari
Pasasalamat o pagkilala
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Pasasalamat o pagkilala
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Sa pahinang ito tinutukoy ng mananaliksik ang mga indibidwal, pangkat, tanggapan o institusyong maaaring nakatulong sa pagsulat ng pamanahong-papel at kung gayo’y nararapat pasalamatan o kilalanin.
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Mga pahinang preliminari
Talaan ng nilalaman
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Talaan ng nilalaman
\
Dito nakatala ang bawat pamagat ng bawat talahanayan at\\o grap na nasa loob ng pamanahong papel at ang bilang ng pahina kung saan matatagpuan ang bawat isa.
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Mga pahinang preliminari
Fly leaf 2
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Fly leaf 2
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Ito ay isa na namang __blankong pahina bago ang katawan__ ng pamanahong papel.
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Kabanata I
Panimula o introduksyon
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Panimula o introduksyon
Ito ay isang maikling talataang kinapapalooban ng pangkalahatang pagtalakay ng paksa ng panananaliksik.
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Kabanata I
Layunin ng pag-aaral
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Layunin ng pag-aaral
Dito nilalahad ang layunin o dahilan kung bakit isinasagawa ang pananaliksik ng paksa ng pag-aaral.
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Layunin ng pag-aaral
Tinutukoy rin dito ang mga ispesipik na suliranin na nasa anyong patanong.
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Kabanata I
Kahalagahan ng pag-aaral
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Kahalagahan ng pag-aaral
Dito inilalahad ang signipikans ng pagsasagawa ng pananaliksik ng paksa ng pag-aaral.
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Kabanata I
Saklaw at limitasyon
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Saklaw at limitasyon
Tinutukoy dito ang simula at hangganan ng pananaliksik
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Kabanata I
Depinisyon ng mga terminolohiya
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Depinisyon ng mga terminolohiya
Dito itinatala ang mga katawagang makailang ginamit sa pananaliksik at ang bawat isa’y binibigyang kahulugan
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\
Operational na Kahulugan 
\
Kung __paano ito ginamit__ sa pananaliksik 
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Conceptual na kahulugan
istandard na kahulugan.
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Conceptual na kahulugan
Makikita sa diksyunaryo.
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Kabanata II
Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
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Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
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Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
Tinutukoy dito ang kaugnay na literatura o babasahing may kaugnayan sa pananaliksik.
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Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
Dito tinutukoy kung sinu-sino ang mga may-akda ng naunang pagaaral o literatura,disenyo ng pananaliksik na ginamit, mga layunin at mga resulta ng pagaaral.
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Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
Bago at nailimbag sa loob ng huling sampung taon.
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Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
Piliting gumamit ng lokal at dayuhan
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Kabanata III
Disenyo ng pananaliksik
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Disenyo ng pananaliksik
Nililinaw kung anong uri ng pananaliksik ang kasalukuyang pagaaral.
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Kabanata III
Respondente
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Respondente
Kung ilan sila at paano at bakit sila ang napili.
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Kabanata III
Instrumento ng pananaliksik
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Instrumento ng pananaliksik
Inilalarawan ang paraang ginamit ng pananaliksik sa pangangalap ng mga datos at impormasyon.
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Instrumento ng pananaliksik
maaaring mabanggit ang intervyu o pakikipanayam, pag koconduct ng sarvey at pagpapasagot ng sarbey- kwestyoneyr sa mga respondente bilang pinaka karaniwang at pinakamadaling paraan aplikable sa isang deskriptiv analitik na disenyo.
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Kabanata III
Tritment ng mga datos
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Tritment ng mga datos
Inilalarawan kung anong istatistikal na paraan ang ginamit upang ang mga numerical na datos ay mailarawan.
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Tritment ng mga datos
Sa pamanahong-papel, sapat na ang pagkuha ng porsyento o bahagdan matapos mai-tally ang mga kasagutan sa kwestyuneyr ng mga respondente.
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Kabanata IV
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Presentasyon at interpretasyon ng mga datos
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Presentasyon at interpretasyon ng mga datos
Sa kabanatang ito inilalahad ang mga datos na nakalap ng mananaliksik sa pamamagitan ng tekstuwal at tabular o grapik na presentasyon.
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Presentasyon at interpretasyon ng mga datos
Sa teskto, inilalahad ng mananaliksik ang kanyang analisis o pagsusuri.
50
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Presentasyon at interpretasyon ng mga datos
Inilalarawan kung anong istatistikal na paraan ang ginamit upang ang mga numerical na datos ay mailarawan.
51
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Presentasyon at interpretasyon ng mga datos
Sa pamanahong- papel, sapat na ang pagkuha ng porsyento o bahagdan matapos mai-tally ang mga kasagutan sa kwestyuneyr ng mga respondente.
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Kabanata V
Lagom
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Lagom
binubuo ang mga datos at impormasyong nakalap ng mananaliksik na komprehensibong tinatalakay sa Kabanata III.
54
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Kabanata V
konklusyon
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konklusyon
mga inferences, abstraksyon, implikasyon, interpretasyon at impormasyong nakalap ng mananaliksik.
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Kabanata V
Rekomendasyon
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Rekomendasyon
mga mungkahing solusyon para sa mga suliraning natukoy o natuklasan sa pananaliksik.
58
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Mga panghuling pahina
Listahan ng sanggunian
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Listahan ng sanggunian
isang kumpletong tala ng lahat ng mga hanguan o sorses na ginamit ng mananaliksik sa pagsulat ng pamanahong-papel.
60
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Mga panghuling pahina
Apendiks
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Apendiks
Tinatawag ding Dahong Dagdag
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Apendiks
maaaring ilagay o ipaloob dito ang liham, pormularyo ng ebalwasyon, transkripsyon ng interbyu,sampol ng sarbey-kwesyoneyr, bio-data, ng mananaliksik, mga larawan, kliping at kung anu-ano pa.
63
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Ang Paksang Pampananaliksik
Sa akademya , ang pananaliksik ay isang  mahalagang gawain na hindi maiiwasan ng mga mag-aaral. 
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Ang Paksang Pampananaliksik
Karaniwan na ang pagpagawa ng mga pamanahong papel sa iba’t ibang subject bilang isa sa pangangailangang akademik.
65
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Sarili
maaring humango ng  paksa sa mga sariling  karanasan,mga nabasa  napakinggan napag aralan at  natutunan.
66
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Dyaryo at magazine
maaaring panghanguan  ng paksa ang mga napapanahong isyu sa mga  pamukang pahina ng mga dyaryo at magazine  o sa mga kolum,liham sa editor at ibang  seksyon ng mga dyaryo at magazine tulad ng  local na balita, bisnes, entertainment at isports.
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Radyo, tv at cable tv
maraming uri ng  programa sa radio at tv ang mapagkukunan ng  paksa mas maraming programa sa cable dahil sa 24 na oras na balita, isports at mga programang edukasyonal.
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Mga awtoridad kaibigan at guro
sa  pamamagitan pagtatanong-tanong sa  ibang tao,maaaring makalikha ng mga ideya upang mapaghanguan ng  paksang pampananaliksik.
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Mga awtoridad kaibigan at guro
Makatulong ito upang makakuha ng  paksang hindi lamang napapanahon  kundi kawiwilhan din ng ibang tao.
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Internet
ito ang pinakamadali ng hanguan ng  paksa , malawak at sopistikadong paraan ng  paghahanap ng paksa
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Internet
Maraming websites sa  internet na tumutugon sa iba’t ibang interes at  pangangailangan ng iba’t ibang uri ng tao.
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Aklatan
Bagama’t traditional ng pagkukuha  ng hanguan o paksa.
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aklatan
maaring matatagpuan ng iba’t ibang paksa ng nauugnay  sa ano mga larangang pang-akademya.
74
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Kasapatan ng Datos
kailangan may sapat na na literatura hinggil sa paksang pipiliin.
75
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Limitasyon ng Panahon
Tandaan ang  kursong ito ay para sa isa o dalwang  markahan lamang.
76
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Limitasyon ng Panahon
May mga paksa na nangangailangan ng mahabang panahon, higit pa sa dalawang markahan , upang  maisakatuparan.
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Kakayahang Pinansyal
May mga paksang mangangailangan ng maraming gastusin. 
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Kakayahang Pinansyal
Kailangang pumili ng paksang naaayon sa  kakayahang pinansyal ng mananaliksik.
79
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Kabuluhan ng Paksa
Ang isang  pananaliksik na nauukol sa isang paksang  walang kabuluhan.
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Kabuluhan ng Paksa
Kailangan pumili ng  paksang hindi lamang napapanahon , kundi  maari ring pakinabangan ng mananaliksik at  ng iba pang tao.
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Interes ng Mananaliksik
Magiging  madali ito para sa isang mananaliksik  sa pagkukuha ng datos kung ang paksa  niya ay naayon sa kanyang kawilihan.
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Paglimita Sa Paksa
Matapos makamili ng paksa , kailangan iyong  ilimita upang maiwasan ang masaklaw na  pag-aaral.
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Paglimita Sa Paksa
Sa pamamagitan ng paglilimita ng paksa ,  mabibigyan ng direksyon at pokus ang  pananaliksik at maiiwasan ang padampot-  dampot o sabog na pagtalakay sa paksa.
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Pamagat-Pampananaliksik
Ang pamagat-pampananaliksik ay  kaiba sa pamagat ng mga akda na  pampanitikan
85
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Pamagat-Pampananaliksik
Kaiba ito ng mga  kuwento , nobela , sanaysay at dula.  Sa pananaliksik , ang pamagat ay  kailangang maging malinaw, tuwiran  at tiyak.
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Hanguang Primarya
Ayon kina Mosura , et al , (1999) ang mga hanguang --- ay:
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Hanguang Primarya
Indibidwal o awtoridad
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Hanguang Primarya
Grupo o orginasyon (pamilya, assosasyon, union,  fraternity, katutubo o mga minorya, bisnes, samahan, simbahan o gobyerno)
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Hanguang Primarya
Pambublikong dokumento o kasulatan (konstitusyon,  kontrata, orihinal na tala, katikkan sa korte, journal o dayari)
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Hanguang sekondarya
Mga aklat tulad ng diksyonaryo, ensiklopedya,  almanac, atlas o yearbook
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Hanguang sekondarya
Mga nalathalang artikulo sa journal, magasin,  pahayagan at news letter.
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Hanguang sekondarya
Mga tisis at disertasyon
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Hanguang sekondarya
Monograp, manwal polyeto, manuskrito at iba pa.
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Pagkuha Ng Impormasyon Sa  Internet
Ang internet ay ang pinakamalawak at  pinakamabilis ng hanguan ng  impormasyon.
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Pagkuha Ng Impormasyon Sa  Internet
Kung ang internet ay  maaaring pagkunan ng impormasyon sa  pananaliksik dapat tandaan ang mga  katanungang ito upang makakuha ka ng  tiyak na impormasyon sa internet
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Sino ang may-akda?
Mahalagang malaman kung sino ang  may akda ng isang impormasyon sa  internet nang sa gayo’y masuri kung ang  impormasyon ay wasto at kumpleto.
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Sino ang may-akda?
Maaring i-verify ang mga impormasyon  sa hinggil sa kanilang pagkatao. Kung  wala ito , mahirap paniwalaan ang  kanilang akda.
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Ano ang layunin?
Alamin ang layunin ng may-akda kung bakit naglunsad o naglabas ng website.
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Ano ang layunin?
Nais bang magbahagi ng impormasyon o magbenta lamang ng produkto?
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Ano ang layunin?
Alalahaning napakaluwag ng pagpasok ng impormasyon sa internet.

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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