SOC exam 3

sex

status of male or female, assigned at birth and is associated with physical attributes such as chromosomes and anatomical differences

primary sexual characteristics

organs required for physical reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

features that emerge at puberty (such as body hair and breasts)

gender

socially constructed roles for women and men that define expected behaviors for individuals of each sex

gender script

a set of social norms that direct people to act in accordance with widely understood gender expectations

gender cue

part of a social script that tells other people what gendered behavior to expect in the future and how to orient their own behavior in the present

gender performance

emphasis that performing social roles reproduces not only the gender roles themselves but also the widespread "common sense" that the current institutional arrangement of gender is natural, inevitable, and therefore morally justified

gender socialization

individuals learning how to occupy the gender roles considered to be appropriate to their sex status

intersex

the medical term for people born with primary sex characteristics that are not easily classified into the dichotomous male/female categories. More recently the term "disorders of sex development" (DSD) has been recommended by persons with intersex conditions

gender stereotypes

widespread cultural understandings about the different and contrasting qualities associated with women and men

Sandra Bem

invented Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) in 1970s

Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)

lists of masculine, feminine, gender-neutral psychological traits

masculine

set of personal, social, and cultural qualities associated with males and men

feminine

set of personal, social, and cultural qualities associated with females and women

patriarchy

context of male power where men and qualities associated with men are considered to be superior to women and to qualities associated with women, a society where men hold the powerful positions in political, economic, and cultural institutions

hegemony

strategies that dominant groups use to maintain their power while making their views seem like "common sense" to the rest of the population

hegemonic masculinity

an ideal standard of masculinity that is used to justify all the ways our society is organized to reinforce the leading role of men

hierarchy of masculinities

some masculinities are superior to others

marginal masculinities

forms of masculinity where an individual cannot meet the hegemonic ideal of masculinity (gay men, trans people, some non-white men, disabled men, unemployed men)

complicit masculinity

form of masculinity where an individual may not meet all the requirements of hegemonic masculinity but still benefits from the gender order in which they are viewed as masculine

emphasized femininity

where women perform in stereotypically feminine ways that conform to a patriarchal gender order, counterpart to hegemonic masculinity

gender order

a characterization of society as fully organized by gender

moral order

a social arrangement that is organized around widely understood and institutionally enforced ideas of right and wrong' the gender order is a moral order since it defines what is right and wrong for women and men

division of labor

a central principle for organizing the productive work in society that sorts different people into different work roles to ensure the production and reproduction of human life. This includes the separation of work and life into different, more specialized parts.

separate spheres

the idea that there are and should be separate social domains for women and men

polis

public sphere of the male citizen

oikos

private sphere of family reproduction and economic production

Plato

philosophized separate spheres

male breadwinner

social expectation that men should earn enough in wages to support a wife and family

pink-collar jobs

jobs done by women entering the labor force in the 1970s and 1980s; short internal career path, support roles, clerical jobs, require less experience, paid less

horizontal occupational segregation

pervasive pattern of gender segregation where women are concentrated into female-typed, lower-earning jobs

vertical occupational segregation

a pattern in occupations where men tend to hold higher, better-paid positions within the same occupation as women

second shift

the unpaid housework and childcare women perform after returning home from their paid job

workplace sexual harrassment

unwelcome and offensive conduct based on gender that has become a condition of employment, conduct that creates an intimidating, hostile, or abusive work environment

second wave of feminism

(1960s-70s) movements and activism around women's rights with a focus on reproductive rights, work, family, and equal pay

heterosexuality

sexual desire and sexual relations between males and females

multicultural marketing

the attempt by advertisers and other creators of media texts to target specific demographics such as gay people, African Americans, and Latino/as

heteronormative

a social order that assumes compulsory heterosexuality and links it to binary sex categories, to gender roles at work, in the family, and in the nation, and also to heterosexual sex roles

compulsory heterosexuality

a social order in which sexual desire between males and females is understood to be the only normal form of sexuality, and is enforced through medical, legal, religious and other social institutions

gender dysphoria

a diagnosis in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to describe when people experience "intense persistent gender incongruence"

queer

any idea or practice that actively disturbs the binaries describing a neat concurrence of sex, gender, and desire in society

transgender people

people whose gender identity does not correlate with the sex status they were assigned at birth

family

two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

household

people who occupy the same housing unit

nuclear family

a family consisting of a husband, wife, and children

extended family

a family in which relatives, such as the "older generation", or unmarried aunts and uncles, live with the parents and their children

bilineal system

a system of reckoning descent that counts on both the father's and mother's side

patrilineal system

a system of reckoning descent that counts only the father's side

matrilineal system

a system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother's side

patriarchy

men as a group dominating women as a group; authority is vested in males

matriarchy

a society which women as a group dominate men as a group; aurthority is vested in females

blended family

a family whose members were once part of other families

cohabitation

unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship

incest

sexual relations between specified relatives

genealogy

the study of family history in order to document how family members are related to each other

kinship system

the set of rules that define who counts as a member of the family, the names that are given to different types of family members, and the expectations about how different family members will relate to one another

primogeniture

system which the eldest son in a family\-- or, in exceptional cases, daughter--inherits all of a dying parent's land.

sandwich parents

the generational position where people are raising their children at the same time as their own parents are becoming elderly and need care

boomerang kids

young adults who move back home to live with their parents after a period of independence

cosmology

the system of knowledge and beliefs that a society uses to understand how the world works and how it is organized

Polytheism

a religious cosmology in which there is a group of deities

Monotheism

a religious cosmology in which there is only one deity

Utopia

an image of an imaginary, perfect world in which there is no conflict, hunger, or unhappiness

Religion

a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things, which unite all of its adherents into a single moral community

ritual

an event where people come together to reaffirm the meaning of the sacred, to acknowledge its special qualities and its seperateness from the ordinary(profane) life

Theodicy

the attempt to explain why suffering and injustice exist in the world

Sects

a smaller and more loosely organized group of religious believers who disagree with the established church and try to create their own authentic expression of religious faith

Denomination

a religious sect that has begun to develop a more established bureacracy and common set of ritual practices

Proselytizing

the attempt by an individual or an organization to convert other people to their own religious beliefs

secularization thesis

the argument that religion will become less important in modern society

Public Religion

a situation in which individuals and organizations make faith-based moral arguments about the public good.

Matthew Effect

a tendency in science in which the most eminent scientists get most of the recognition and rewards for scientific research

acute disease

a single or repeated episode of relatively rapid onset and short duration from which the patient usually returns to his/her normal or previous state or level of activity

life expectancy

the amount of time an individual can expect to live

sociology of health and illness

a field of sociology that studies the relationship between health and society

health demography

the study of the prevalence, or distribution, of disease and illness in a population

genetics

the study of how genes function in the biological system

epigenetics

the study of how genes interact with wider natural and social environments

allostatic load

the wear and tear on the body due to stress

intersectional health perspective

a multilevel approach to healthcare and medicine that emphasizes the multiple systems of oppression that shape health outcomes and how they interact

epistemic privilege

the privilege that attaches to the knowledge of powerful people

multilevel approach to health and illness

a part of an intersectional health perspective that emphasizes the systemic sources of health and illness as well as individual characteristics

medical risk

any condition or factor that increases the likelihood of disease or injury

disease

a disorder in the structure or function of the human organism

illness experience

the way in which illness is understood and managed by patients and their care takers

cultural competence

the ability to perceive and engage in other cultural ideas. in medical settings, cultural competence means the ability to meet the cultural, social, and linguistic needs of patients

cultural humility

an approach to healthcare where medical professionals develop a stance that is open to the patient and that seeks to learn from them how they perceive the situation on an ongoing basis

sick role

an idea developed by Talcott Parsons to describe social expectations for the behavior of sick people

chronic disease

a permanent, nonreversible condition that might leave residual disability, and that may require long-term treatment and care

stigma

a form of dishonor, discredit, or shame associated with illness

medicalization

a process where a social problem comes to be created or redefined as a medical issue

professionalization

a process where a group of workers come to control a particular space in the division of labor on the basis of their expertise

medicine

the social response to illness that attempts to identify, prevent, and cure disease

medical institution

organizational arrangements in which medical therapies are developed and practiced

health care systems

contractual connections between medical organizations

public health

the health of the whole population

epidemiology

the study of social dimensions of disease patterns to discover the way diseases are spread and communicated

epidemic

a widespread or high incidence of an infectious disease

pandemic

an epidemic that not only affects a large number of people but is also spread over a large geographical area of the world

public health education

educational efforts to prevent disease, promote health behaviors, and preempt risky ones