Bio Lab

What is the difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Data?

Quantitative data is numerical, while qualitative data is observational

What is Biology?

The study of living things.

What are the characteristics of life?

1. Living things are made up of one or more cells

2. Living things have metabolism

3. Living things are organized

4. Living things can maintain their internal environments, including water balance, PH, and temperature

5. Living things can reproduce

6. Living things can sense characteristics of their environment and respond to them.

Independent variable

What the researcher is changing

Dependent Variable

What is being measured in the experiment (is determined by the independent variable)

Control

No independent variable is added

Null Hypothesis

Says the experimental treatment will not affect the outcome. The opposite of the hypothesis.

Example of a null hypothesis

The different brands of paper towel will not affect the rate of absorption

Why is replication important?

It’s important to repeat experiments to show that your findings are consistent and not random

Steps of the scientific method

1. Make many observations using the senses, instruments, and the work of others to gather knowledge about nature

2. Analyze the information gathered and develop one or more hypotheses, which are tentative explanations to account for the observation.

3. Use a hypothesis as a guide to collect additional observations or to perform experiments to test the hypothesis.

4. becomes a theory if the hypothesis is supported

5. Hypotheses and theories have predictive values

What are monomers and polymers

Monomers are single units that form chains or branched structures known as polymers

Catagories of macromolecules

Polysaccharides, Monosaccharides, proteins, and lipids (not true macromolecules)

Example of lipids

Fats and oils (triglycerides), cholesterol, waxes, vitamins A,D,E, and K

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, ribose, and deoxyribose

Examples of polysaccharides

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

Examples of proteins

Amylase, lactase, hemoglobin

What are proteins

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Major working molecules of the cell. Twenty different amino acids are found in proteins.

What are Amino Acids

They are what form proteins. They are made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain (which is what makes each AA unique). There are 20 amino acids, and both essential and non-essential AA’s

What is starch

A polymer of glucose that is a storage form of energy in plants

What is glycogen

A polymer of glucose that is a storage form of energy in animals. Glycogen is made in your liver and can be broken down to glucose to provide energy.

What is glucose?

Glucose is a carbohydrate (specifically a monosaccharide), the simplest form of sugar

How are monomers covalently bonded together to form polymers?

They are bonded by numerous condensation reactions (removing a water molecule).

Organic molecules

Chemical compounds that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen

Examples of organic molecules

Carbohydrates (glucose), Lipids (fats and oils), Proteins (made of amino acids), Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Iodine Test

Add a few drops of iodine to a substance. Iodine reacts with the structure and forms a dark blue-black color. If it stays brown, there is no starch.

Benedict’s sugar test

Add Benedict’s solution to a substance and heat the substance. Reacts to sugar.

Blue- no sugar

green- small amount

yellow- moderate amount

orange- more sugar

red- high amount

Biuret’s Test

Biuret solution reacts with the peptide bonds in proteins (the bonds that link amino acids together)

purple/violet- protein is present

blue- no protein

How to focus a microscope

Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up and down (used in low power). Use the fine adjustment knob to regulate focus more precisely (used on high power)

Resolving power

Resolving power is the ability of a microscope (or any optical instrument) to distinguish two very close objects as separate.

Magnification

Magnification is how much larger an object appears compared to its actual size.

Field of vision

Field of vision is the area you can see when looking through the microscope.

Depth of field

Depth of field is how much of the specimen is in focus from top to bottom.

How to calculate total magnification

Total Magnification = Eyepiece × Objective

How to estimate the size of an object using a microscope and micrometer

1. Object size = FOV ÷ number of objects that fit across

2. Object size = number of divisions × value per division

Components of cell theory

1. All living things are composed of cells

2. cells are the functional unit of life

3. all cells come from preexisting cells

General characteristics of all cells

1. All cells have a membrane to separate them from the outside world. This outer plasma membrane helps to control what gets into and out of the cell

2. Cells have hereditary information that can be copied and passed on to daughter cells.

3. Cells have metabolism; they can perform chemical reactions with the help of enzymes

The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nuclei and prokaryotic cells have no nucleus

Histology

the study of tissues

Epithelial Tissue

Found on the outside of organs as coverings and on the inside as linings for organs. Used to provide protection and are often involved in secretion, absorption and sensory perception.

Muscle tissue

Smooth- located surrounding the digestive tract, uterus, oviducts, involuntary movement

Skeletal- major muscles

Are all involved in contraction

Connective tissue

Located in bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, adipose (located everywhere), and vascular tissues. They provide protection, insulation, and energy storage for the body.

Characteristics of plant cells

-Chloroplasts: green and used in photosynthesis

-Central Vacuole: takes up a large portion of the cell, is used to store water and waste materials

-Cell wall: it is involved in protection and structural support

Brownian Motion

the motion of molecules due to their energy

Concentration Gradient

the difference in the concentration of a substance between areas

osmosis

moving water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration