KIN 223 Anatomy and Kinesiology Exam 3 Review Questions

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are

a: Calcified cartilage

b: Hypertrophic cartilage

c: Ossification

d: Resting cartilage

e: Proliferating cartilage

The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is

D,B,E,A,C

E,D,A,C,B

C,D,E,A,B

D,E,B,A,C

C,A,B,E,D

D,E,B,A,C

Mechanical stress applied to bone ____ osteoblast activity in bone tissue, and the removal of mechanical stress ___ osteoblast activity.

Decreases; increases

Increases; decreases

Decreases, maintains

Increases, maintains

Increases; decreases

The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the

Superior diaphysis

Distal epiphysis

Distal diaphysis

Proximal epiphysis

Distal epiphysis

Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ____ and occurs in the ___ region of the cartilage.

Length; peripheral

Length; internal

Width; internal

Width; peripheral

Length; internal

Bine cells that become surrounded by bone matrix and are located in cavities called lacunae are

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Osteocytes

Osteocytes

Calcitonin____ osteoclast activity, which will _____ blood calcium levels.

Inhibits; decreases

Stimulates; decrease

Stimulates; increase

Inhibits; increase

Inhibits; decrease

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.

Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix.

Osteocytes

Osteoprogenitor cells

Osteoblasts

Osteoid cells

Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

Indicate if the listed hormone increases or decreases blood calcium levels.

As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,

Osteoblasts become osteoclasts

Osteogenic progenitors become osteoclasts

Osteoclasts become osteocytes

Osteoblasts become osteocytes

Osteoblasts become osteocytes

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) ____ model.

Membranous

Dense connective tissue

Hyaline cartilage

Mesenchyme

Osteoid

Hyaline cartilage

Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

Irregular bones

Regular bones

Short bones

Long bones

Flat bones

Long bones

Which is false regarding the periosteum?

It provides stem cells for bone growth and repair.

It is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers.

It includes two layers: outer fibrous and inner cellular.

It covers the entire bone surface, with the exception of articular areas.

It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.

It is composed of dense regular connective tissue

Correctly label the following anatomical parts of a flat bone.

Classify the following images of bone into the correct category they represent.

Match the part of a long bone with its description.

What is the function of the nuchal lines?

Attachment for muscles and ligaments

Grooves for dural sinuses

Passageway for jugular vein

Attachment for dura mater

Passageway for cranial nerves

Attachment for muscles and ligaments

Which is not a correct pairing of a bone and its common name?

Patella-knee cap

Clavicle- collar bone

Tibia-shin

Talus-heel

Scapula-shoulder blade

Talus-heel

The occipital condyles articulate with

Odontoid process

Dens

Axis

Atlas

Vertebra prominens

Atlas

Transverse foramina are found in ___ vertebrae.

Thoracic

Lumbar

Cervical

Sacral

All

Cervical

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the

Hand

Skull

Foot

Sternum

Pelvis

Foot

Which statement accurately compares the hand and the foot?

Each hand has 14 phalanges, but each foot has 15 phalanges.

The hand and the foot each have 15 phalanges.

Each hand has 15 phalanges, but each foot has 14 phalanges.

The hand and the foot each have 14 phalanges.

The hand and the foot each have 14 phalanges

Which statement accurately describes the articulations between ribs and vertebrae?

Three of the cervical and ten of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs.

Twelve thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

Two cervical, two lumbar and eight thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

Nine thoracic and three lumbar vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

Two lumbar and ten thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

Twelve thoracic vertebrae articulates with the ribs

Which bone does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?

Calcaneus

Sacrum

Femur

Clavicle

Ulna

Sacrum

The skull consists of ____ cranial bones and ____ facial bones.

5,7

10,12

8,14

9,11

7,12

8,14

The expanded distal end of the fibula is called the

Neck

Shaft

Lateral malleolus

Head

Medial malleolus

Lateral malleolus

What is the inner, gelatinous region of each intervertebral disc called?

Articular ring

Chondral ring

Lamella

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Nucleus pulposus

The hard palate is composed of the

Nasal conchae and vomer bones

Maxillary and palatine bones

Zygomatic and lacrimal bones

Sphenoid and ethmoid bones

Nasal conchae and palatine bones

Maxillary and palatine bones

Which of these skull bones cannot be easily palpated?

Occipital

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Ethmoid

Ethmoid

Rami, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as

Pits or depressions to hold cartilage.

Attachments for ligaments or tendons.

Articulating surfaces.

Passageways for blood vessels.

Passageways for nerves.

Attachments for ligaments or tendons

Identify the cranial bones in the figure. Not every answer will be used.

Drag each label into the proper position to identify whether the indicated structure is located on the femur, humerus, or both.

This figure shows the knee joint. Which number indicates the tibial collateral ligament?

2

6

5

3

1

3

If a joint moves in all three planes of space, it is classified as

Multiaxial

Nonaxial

Biaxial

Uniaxial

Multiaxial

When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond the anatomic position, the movement is referred to as

Dislocation

Hypertrophy

Hyperflexion

Hyperextension

Supination

Hyperextension

When compared to the shoulder, the hip joint has

a shallower bony socket and weaker supporting ligaments.

a deeper bony socket and stronger supporting ligaments.

a deeper bony socket but weaker supporting ligaments.

a shallower bony socket but stronger supporting ligaments.

A deeper bony socket and stronger supporting ligaments.

The fixed point around which a lever rotates in the

Multiaxis

Condyle

Effort arm

Resistance node

Fulcrum

Fulcrum

Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called

Articular discs

Bursae

Menisci

Diarthroses

Fat pads

Bursae

Which is not a function of synovial fluid?

Nourishes osteocytes

Distributes stress forces across articular surfaces

Removes wastes

Lubricates articulating surfaces

Serves as shock absorber

Nourishes osteocytes

Structurally, a syndesmosis is a _________ joint; functionally, it is a __________.

FIbrous; synarthrosis

Cartilagenous; amphiarthrosis

Fibrous; amphiarthrosis

Cartilagenous; diarthrosis

Ball and socket; pivot

Fibrous; amphiarthrosis

Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called

Adduction.

Abduction.

Retraction.

Flexion.

Inversion.

Adduction

In fibrous joints, the articulation surfaces are held together by

Dense irregular connective tissue.

Dense regular connective tissue.

Areolar connective tissue.

Articular cartilage.

Fibrocartilage.

Dense regular connective tissue

When considering leverage, the part of the bone from the muscle attachment to the joint would be the

Fulcrum

Effort arm

Resistance arm

Effort arm

The pubic symphysis is classified as a

Cartilaginous joint and a synarthrosis.

Cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

Fibrous joint and a synarthrosis.

Synovial joint and a diarthrosis.

Fibrous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

Cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis

Based on its range of motion, the elbow is classified as a(n) __________ joint.

Gliding

Ellipsoid

Uniaxial

Biaxial

Multiaxial

Uniaxial

Which is not correct regarding articulations?

Arthrology is the scientific study of articulations.

There are three structural categories of articulations.

Articulations can range in motion from freely mobile to immobile.

An articulation is a joint between a bone and another bone, cartilage, or tooth.

All articulations contain some type of cartilage.

All articulation contain some type of cartilage.

Match each lever with the location of its effort, resistance, and fulcrum.

When kicking a ball forward, the knee is

Circumducted

Abducted

Rotated

Extended

Extended

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.

Three classes of levers are found in the human body: first-class, second-class, and third-class.A first-class lever has a (fulcrum) in the middle, between the effort and the resistance. In the body, an example of a first-class lever is the (atlanto-occipital joint of the neck.)In a second-class lever, the (resistance) is between the fulcrum and the applied effort. A (small) force can balance a (large) weight in this type of lever because the effort is always farther from the fulcrum than the resistance. In the body, one example of activity at a second-class lever is the (calcaneal tendon attachment to the heel).A third-class lever is observed when the (effort) is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum. A third-class lever is found at the (joint between the humerus and ulna.)

Correctly identify the following anatomical parts of the temporomandibular joint.