Final Review

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol. A reliable, in-order byte stream protocol for point-to-point communication.

Point-to-point

Communication involving one sender and one receiver.

Full duplex data

Simultaneous two-way data flow in the same connection.

MSS

Maximum Segment Size. The largest amount of data that TCP is willing to receive in a single segment.

TCP Segment Structure

Includes a variable length header, with more overhead than UDP, and uses flags like ACK, RST, SYN, FIN.

TCP Sequence Numbers

Identifies the first byte in a segment's data, while acknowledgments indicate the next expected byte to receive.

TCP Round Trip Time

Involves SampleRTT, EstimatedRTT, DevRTT, and TimeoutInterval calculations for reliable data transmission.

TCP Sender Events

Actions like creating segments, starting timers, retransmitting on timeout, and updating ACKs on receiving ACKs.

TCP Fast Retransmit

Resending unACKed segments upon receiving 4 duplicate ACKs to expedite data delivery.

TCP 3 Way Handshake

A process involving SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK segments for connection establishment.

TCP Closing a Connection

Involves sending FIN segments to close each side of the connection and responding with ACKs.

Network Congestion

Occurs when network capacity is exceeded, leading to lost packets and long delays.

TCP Congestion Control

Utilizes Additive Increase and Multiplicative Decrease to regulate transmission rates based on network conditions.

TCP Slow Start

A mechanism to exponentially increase the transmission rate at the beginning of a connection.

IP Datagram Format

Includes a 20-byte TCP header, a 20-byte IP header, and additional overhead from the application layer.

IP Fragmentation

Divides large datagrams into smaller ones for transmission across networks with different Maximum Transfer Units (MTUs).

IP Addressing

Involves assigning 32-bit identifiers to hosts and routers, with CIDR allowing for variable-length subnet addressing.

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Dynamically assigns IP addresses and network configuration to hosts joining a network.

NAT

Network Address Translation. Maps private IP addresses to a single public IP address for communication outside the local network.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Process where a NAT router changes source/destination addresses in datagrams to enable communication between devices in different networks.

IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6 with 128-bit addresses, fixed-length 40-byte header, and no fragmentation for faster routing.

Transition Mechanism

Tunneling:Solution for coexisting IPv4 and IPv6 networks where IPv6 datagrams are carried as payloads in IPv4 datagrams.

Routing

Process of determining paths for packets from source to destination, with two control plane approaches:per-router control and logically centralized control.

Routing Protocol

A system to find efficient paths through a network, aiming for least cost, fastest, and least congested routes.

Autonomous Systems (AS)

Regions where routers are aggregated, with intra-AS and inter-AS routing for efficient network communication.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Inter-domain routing protocol for the Internet, allowing ASes to exchange reachability information and determine good routes.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

Protocol used for error reporting and network-level communication between hosts and routers.

Link Layer

Responsible for transferring datagrams between physically adjacent nodes over links, providing services like framing, reliable delivery, and error detection.

Error Detection Techniques

Include Parity Checking (Single Bit and Two Dimension Bit) and Cyclic Redundancy Check for detecting and correcting errors in data transmission.

MAC Protocols

Set of rules governing how nodes access the shared communication channel, categorized into three classes - channel partitioning, random access, and taking turns.

Channel Partitioning

MAC protocol class that divides the channel into smaller pieces (time slots or frequency bands) and allocates them to nodes for exclusive use to avoid collisions.

Random Access Protocols

MAC protocols where nodes can transmit at full channel data rate without prior coordination, allowing collisions and implementing methods to detect and recover from them.

Slotted ALOHA

Random access MAC protocol where time is divided into equal slots, nodes transmit at the beginning of slots, and collisions are detected, with an efficiency of 37%.

CSMA/CD

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection, a MAC protocol that listens before transmitting, detects collisions, and aborts colliding transmissions to reduce channel wastage.

CSMA/CA

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance, a MAC protocol that allows nodes to reserve the channel to avoid collisions of long data frames.

Ethernet

Dominant wired LAN technology using CSMA/CD MAC protocol, with an unreliable and connectionless frame structure and binary backoff for retransmissions.

Ethernet Switch

Link layer device that forwards Ethernet frames based on MAC addresses, uses self-learning to create and maintain a forwarding table, and allows multiple simultaneous transmissions without collisions.