Lec 11 Emotional Development

Exam 2 Question that I got wrong before:

Eimas et al. (1971) studied whether infants can hear differences in voice onset time (VOT)— the small timing differences that distinguish sounds like “ba” and “pa.” What did they find?

a) Infants notice any change in VOT, even small ones

• b) Infants do not notice changes in VOT until they start speaking

• c) Infants noticed a change in VOT from 20ms to 40ms, but not from 60ms to 80ms

• d) Infants could only hear VOT changes if the difference was larger than 60ms

a) Infants notice any change in VOT, even small ones

• b) Infants do not notice changes in VOT until they start speaking

• c) Infants noticed a change in VOT from 20ms to 40ms, but not from 60ms to 80ms

• d) Infants could only hear VOT changes if the difference was larger than 60ms

Exam #2 Question that I got wrong before:

A child is shown a Blicket detector. Toy A and B are placed on the Blicket detector together and the detector buzzes. Toy A is placed on the detector alone, the detector does not buzz. The experimenter asks the child "which toy is the Blicket?". What is the most likely response of a 19-month-old to this question?

• B is the blicket

• Both A and B are the blicket

• A and B would be chosen with equal frequency

• A is the blicket

• B is the blicket

• Both A and B are the blicket

• A and B would be chosen with equal frequency

• A is the blicket

Exam #2 Question that many got wrong:

The WISC-V is consistent with which conceptualization of

intelligence?

• Intelligence is a single trait (IQ or g)

• Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence view

• Information processing framework

• Carroll's 3 stratum framework

• Intelligence is a single trait (IQ or g)

• Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence view

• Information processing framework

• Carroll's 3 stratum framework

Exam Question Lots of people got wrong:

As children grow into adults, the influence of genetics on

individual differences in intelligence ________, whereas the

influence of shared aspects of family environment ________.

• decreases; also decreases

• stays the same; increases

• increases; decreases

• decreases; increases

• decreases; also decreases

• stays the same; increases

• increases; decreases

• decreases; increases

What is emotion? What are some of the several components of emotion?

1. Combination of physiological and cognitive responses to thoughts and experiences

2. Interpretation of those thoughts, physiological and cognitive responses to construct the experience of emotion.

• Neural, physiological, subjective feelings, emotional

  expressions, desire to act (e.g., approach/escape)

What is the Differential (or discrete) emotions theory?

• proposed by Tomkins, Izard

• emotions innate and discrete from one another early in life

• each emotion believed to be packaged with a specific distinct set of bodily and facial reactions

What is the functional perspective of emotion?

• basic function of emotions: to promote action toward achieving a goal

• emotions discrete from each other and vary somewhat based on social environment

ex. disgust - the stimulus may contaminate me, reject the thing that caused disgust

What are social smiles? When do they emerge?

• Emergence of Happiness Emotion

• Smiles directed at people

• emerge from 6 to 7months

What is an example of emotion of fear emerging?

separation anxiety - distress experienced when separated or expect to be separated from individuals of whom they are emotionally attached

• occurs especially in infants and toddlers

Self conscious emotions

emotions that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others’ reactions to us

True or False: social significance of emotions leads to social competence

TRUE

Define Social Referencing. When is social referencing evident? When does labeling emotions occur?

• The use of adults facial expressions or vocal cues to decide how to deal with a novel, ambiguous, or maybe threatening situations

• social referencing evident at 12 months

• labeling emotions occurs @ 2 yrs

Explain the timeline in ages from 3-7 of how children can understand that certain situations evoke certain emotions.

3 - situations that make people happy

4 - situations that make people sad

5 - situations that elicit anger, fear, suprise

7 - self conscious social emotions emerge

What are examples of self conscious emotions

pride, guilt, shame, embarrassment

By what age can children realize that emotions people express may not reflect true feelings? What is this due to?

By age 3, they realize

• by age 5 false emotions improve more

• this is due to growing understanding of display rules

what are display rules?

• a social group’s informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions

• Advances in display rules linked to increases in cognitive capacities

What is emotional regulation?

• set of conscious and unconscious processes

• Used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and

  expressions

What is co-regulaton?

• the process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress

  • An external process

• process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating

What are self comforting behaviors as a means of emotional regulation?

repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation

What is self distraction as a means of emotion regulation?

• looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one’s level of arosusal

What is social competencce?

• The ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while still maintaining positive relationships with others

• Children who exhibit more positive affect and laughter will tend to be well liked by peers.

What is temperament?

• Constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations, as well as relative stability over time (Rothbart & Bates, 1998)

• Present from infancy

• Genetically based

• Influenced by genes and environment

What three groups did Thomas and Chess classify infant into based on their temperament?

Easy babies

• Adjust easily to new situations; quickly establish daily routines

  such as sleeping, eating; generally cheerful mood; easy to calm

Difficult Babies

• Slow to adjust to new experiences; tend to react negatively and

  intensely to events; irregular in their daily routines and bodily

  functions

Slow-to-warm-up babies

• Somewhat difficult at first but become easier over time with

  repeated contact with new objects, people, and situations

What are determinants of temperament?

genetic (biological factors) - more similarity in identical than fraternal twins

parenting (environmental factors) - warm parenting leads to fewer emotional problems

What issues do inhibited children tend to face?

• problems with anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal at older ages

  • Trend continues into adulthood

  • Also engage in illegal behavior

What is “Goodness of Fit” as it relates to temperament?

the degree to which an individual’s temperament is

compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social

environment

What is “Differential Susceptibility” as it relates to temperament?

a circumstance in which the same

temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for

negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also

causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive

Gives examples of the role of family when it comes to how children respond to emotion?

• quality of parent-child relationships

• parent’s emotional expression

• parent’s reactions to children’s emotions

True or false:

Securely attached children tend to show more happiness and

less anxiety than do insecurely attached children

• Also show more openness and honesty

• Have an advanced understanding of emotions, which leads to better emotion regulation

True

What is a parent’s emotion socialization of children emotional development?

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills,

knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture

What are the internal and external components of a child’s well. being

internal - emotions and stress levels

external - relationships with family members and peers

define stress and toxic stress

stress - A physiological reaction to some change/threat in the

environment (can lead to fight/flight)

toxic stress - the idea that you can experience overwhelming

levels of stress without support from adults to hep mitigate

the effects of that stress

define mental disorder

a state of having problems with emotional

reactions to the environment and with social relationships in

ways that affect daily life

Differentiate between equifinality and multifinality

equalfinality - many different things leading to the same outcome

multifinality - a single thing/cause leading to many different possible outcomes.

Why do some argue that the internalizing disorders of depression and anxiety should not be described as distinct disorders

• given their high comorbidity and they may be causally related to one another across development

Describe depression and what characterizes it?

• more common in adolescents than in children

• characterized by a combination of the following for nearly every day or at least two weeks:

  • depressed mood

  • loss of interest or pleasure in most activities

  • significant weight loss or gain

  • insomnia or excessive sleeping

  • motor agitation / motor slowing

  • fatigue or loss of energy

  • feeligns worthless or excessive guilt

  • inability to hink or concentrate

  • recurrent thoughts or death

describe gender differences in depression

• more common in adolescent girls than in adolescent boys

• both rumination and co-ruminatlon are more common in females

• depression is more common in non-gender comforting youth

  • puberty

  • focusing on negative emotions

  • early maturity

  • body image and appearance

  • social economic status

What is rumination and co-rumination? Is it more common in boys or girls?

• rumination - focusing on negative emotions and the causes and consequences without engaging in efforts to improve the situation

• co-rumination - extensively discussing and disclosing emotional problems with another person and not problem solving

• both are more common in females

Describe Anxiety Disorders. Give an example.

• mental disorders that involve inability to regulate fear and worry

• last for several days or even months

• seperation Anxiety - most common anxiety disorder in children

  • is normal but a disorder if persistant

• 7% of children and adolescents

• genetic and environmental factors

What are treatments of internalizing disorders

• drug therapy for depression

  • serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SRI

  • questionable after effects

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) effective for depression and anxiety but high number of non-responders

True or false: Emotion regulation is first scaffolded by the parent, before becoming more internalized and emerging into self-regulation

true