what are the building blocks of all living things
cells
cells exist in a variety of
shapes and sizes
cells carry out of all
the chemical activities necessary to sustain life
cells are ____ structures that function like ____ ___ ___
dynamic
small scale cities
cells live in a saltwater environment known as ?
interstitial fluid
The ___ serves as a boundary for the cell
plasma membrane
what does the plasma membrane separate
the inner contents of the cell from the fluid surrounding the cell
the inside of the cell contains a ___ and ____
nucleus and cytoplasm
cytoplasm
the material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Three main parts of the cell
Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
barrier for the cell contents
plasma membrane is composed primarily of _____
phospholipids
phospholipids have a ____ heads and ____ tails
hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails
hydrophilic
water loving
hydrophobic
water fearing
Plasma membranes also contain ___ molecules
cholesterol
function of cholesterol molecules
stabilize the membrane and proteins
Proteins serve as
enzymes receptors, hormone receptors, cell anchors, membrane conduits for transporting things, and cell identification.
cytoplasm is
the space between the plasma membrane dn the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
comprised of microtubules and microfilaments that give structure to the cell and help things move around in the cell
Organelles
The machinery or the cell that does all the work of the cell
Ribosomes produce
enzymes and proteins
the endoplasmic reticulum is
tubular network that comes in two forms
two forms of endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER) forms
lipids and carbohydrates
Smooth ER is responsible for
drug detoxification
Rough ER is
studded with ribosomes that form membrane and secretory proteins
Golgi apparatus is a
a tubular organelle that receives products from the ER. Then modifies, refines, and packages products into vesicles
Mitochondria carry out that convert
cellular respiration or chemical reactions that convert sugar to ATP (usable cellular energy).
Lysosomes are
common in white blood cells
Lysosomes contain
digestive enzymes that digest and breakdown materials including nutrients, microbes, damaged cells, etc.
Nucleus controls
all the activities of the cell
Nucleus contains
most of the genetic information that provides the instructions necessary to build a specific organism.
some cells have _____ that serve ____
have indentations and or extensions in the plasma membrane that serve the cell in accomplishing a variety of tasks
microvilli
found on the surface of cells. They increase surface area making absorption more efficient.
Cilia
small hair-like structures that can help a cell to move, sense the environment, or move things across the surface of the cell
Flagella
whip-like organelles utilized for propulsion
_____ is the movement of substance in or out of a cell
Membrane Transport
Control of the movement is the responsibility of the
plasma membrane
plasma membranes are ____ permeable
selectively
Two types of movement across the plasma membrane
Passive transport Active transport
passive transport occurs
without the input of energy, ATP
types of passive transport
Diffusion Osmosis Filtration
Diffusion
occurs when particles distribute themselves evenly within a solution or space.
Particles generally move from an area of ___ concentration to ___
high to low
Diffusion is good for
small materials or lipid soluble materials including fats, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.
Facilitated diffusion requires
the use of a protein to transport things like glucose.
Osmosis
the diffusion of water through membrane proteins occurs when solutes cannot move through the membrane, so water moves to equalize the concentration of particles.
Filtration
uses pressure to force water and solutes through a membrane
Active transport requires
the input of energy, ATP.
Ion Pumps use
membrane proteins and energy to move substances, frequently against their concentration gradients.
what method of transport is used by most ions
Active Transport- ion pumps
What are iron pumps used for
maintain the electro-chemical gradient necessary for nerve and muscle function.
Packaged transport uses
uses a vesicle and energy to move materials in or out of the cell
Endocytosis
uses a vesicle to move materials out of a cell
Exocytosis
uses a vesicle to move materials into a cell.
Phagocytosis
known as cell eating and it brings in large molecules
Pinocytosis
known as cell drinking and it brings in liquid and small molecules
Protein synthesis occurs
occurs when a gene, a segment of DNA, is transcribed into RNA which is translated into a protein that results in the physical expression of traits.
Interphase
which is when a cell grows and carries out metabolic processes
cell division
when a cell replicates itself
Two types of cell division
Mitosis Meiosis
Mitosis
produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell
why are mitosis cells produced
cells are produced for growth and repair
Meiosis
produces gametes that have half the genetics found in the original parent cell