Anat Cell WS

what are the building blocks of all living things

cells

cells exist in a variety of

shapes and sizes

cells carry out of all

the chemical activities necessary to sustain life

cells are ____ structures that function like ____ ___ ___

dynamic

small scale cities

cells live in a saltwater environment known as ?

interstitial fluid

The ___ serves as a boundary for the cell

plasma membrane

what does the plasma membrane separate

the inner contents of the cell from the fluid surrounding the cell

the inside of the cell contains a ___ and ____

nucleus and cytoplasm

cytoplasm

the material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Three main parts of the cell

Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Plasma Membrane

barrier for the cell contents

plasma membrane is composed primarily of _____

phospholipids

phospholipids have a ____ heads and ____ tails

hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tails

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water fearing

Plasma membranes also contain ___ molecules

cholesterol

function of cholesterol molecules

stabilize the membrane and proteins

Proteins serve as

enzymes receptors, hormone receptors, cell anchors, membrane conduits for transporting things, and cell identification.

cytoplasm is

the space between the plasma membrane dn the nucleus

Cytoskeleton

comprised of microtubules and microfilaments that give structure to the cell and help things move around in the cell

Organelles

The machinery or the cell that does all the work of the cell

Ribosomes produce

enzymes and proteins

the endoplasmic reticulum is

tubular network that comes in two forms

two forms of endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER) forms

lipids and carbohydrates

Smooth ER is responsible for

drug detoxification

Rough ER is

studded with ribosomes that form membrane and secretory proteins

Golgi apparatus is a

a tubular organelle that receives products from the ER. Then modifies, refines, and packages products into vesicles

Mitochondria carry out that convert

cellular respiration or chemical reactions that convert sugar to ATP (usable cellular energy).

Lysosomes are

common in white blood cells

Lysosomes contain

digestive enzymes that digest and breakdown materials including nutrients, microbes, damaged cells, etc.

Nucleus controls

all the activities of the cell

Nucleus contains

most of the genetic information that provides the instructions necessary to build a specific organism.

some cells have _____ that serve ____

have indentations and or extensions in the plasma membrane that serve the cell in accomplishing a variety of tasks

microvilli

found on the surface of cells. They increase surface area making absorption more efficient.

Cilia

small hair-like structures that can help a cell to move, sense the environment, or move things across the surface of the cell

Flagella

whip-like organelles utilized for propulsion

_____ is the movement of substance in or out of a cell

Membrane Transport

Control of the movement is the responsibility of the

plasma membrane

plasma membranes are ____ permeable

selectively

Two types of movement across the plasma membrane

Passive transport
Active transport

passive transport occurs

without the input of energy, ATP

types of passive transport

Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

Diffusion

occurs when particles distribute themselves evenly within a solution or space.

Particles generally move from an area of ___ concentration to ___

high to low

Diffusion is good for

small materials or lipid soluble materials including fats, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.

Facilitated diffusion requires

the use of a protein to transport things like glucose.

Osmosis

the diffusion of water through membrane proteins occurs when solutes cannot move through the membrane, so water moves to equalize the concentration of particles.

Filtration

uses pressure to force water and solutes through a membrane

Active transport requires

the input of energy, ATP.

Ion Pumps use

membrane proteins and energy to move substances, frequently against their concentration gradients.

what method of transport is used by most ions

Active Transport- ion pumps

What are iron pumps used for

maintain the electro-chemical gradient necessary for nerve and muscle function.

Packaged transport uses

uses a vesicle and energy to move materials in or out of the cell

Endocytosis

uses a vesicle to move materials out of a cell

Exocytosis

uses a vesicle to move materials into a cell.

Phagocytosis

known as cell eating and it brings in large molecules

Pinocytosis

known as cell drinking and it brings in liquid and small molecules

Protein synthesis occurs

occurs when a gene, a segment of DNA, is transcribed into RNA which is translated into a protein that results in the physical expression of traits.

Interphase

which is when a cell grows and carries out metabolic processes

cell division

when a cell replicates itself

Two types of cell division

Mitosis
Meiosis

Mitosis

produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell

why are mitosis cells produced

cells are produced for growth and repair

Meiosis

produces gametes that have half the genetics found in the original parent cell