psych unit 7

Psychology

The scientific study of human behavior, cognition, and mental processes.

Personality

The characteristic pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one individual from another.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and a theory of human behavior.

Psychoanalytic

The approach to psychology developed by Freud, which emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and the resolution of conflicts.

Psychodynamic

A broader approach to psychology that includes psychoanalytic theory as well as other theories that emphasize the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior and personality.

Free association

A technique used in psychoanalytic therapy where the patient talks freely about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences without censorship or judgment.

Id

According to Freud, the primitive and instinctual part of the psyche that operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification.

Pleasure principle

The driving force of the id, which seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

Superego

According to Freud, the part of the psyche that represents internalized social norms and moral values.

Ego

According to Freud, the rational and logical part of the psyche that mediates between the demands of the id and the constraints of the superego.

Reality principle

The driving force of the ego, which seeks to satisfy the demands of the id within the constraints of reality.

Repression

A defense mechanism in which unacceptable thoughts or impulses are pushed out of consciousness and into the unconscious mind.

Displacement

A defense mechanism in which an unacceptable impulse or emotion is redirected from its original source to a more acceptable one.

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism in which an unacceptable impulse or emotion is expressed as its opposite.

Compensation

A defense mechanism in which an individual strives to make up for a perceived deficiency or weakness in one area by excelling in another.

Rationalization

A defense mechanism in which an individual creates a plausible explanation or justification for an unacceptable behavior or thought.

Regression

A defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to a more immature or primitive mode of behavior in response to stress.

Denial

A defense mechanism in which an individual refuses to acknowledge the existence or reality of a threatening situation or emotion.

Sublimation

A defense mechanism in which an unacceptable impulse or emotion is transformed into a socially acceptable or even productive outlet.

Karen Horney

A German psychoanalyst who contributed to the development of psychoanalytic theory, particularly in the area of feminine psychology.

Basic anxiety

According to Horney, a pervasive feeling of insecurity and helplessness that arises from early childhood experiences of rejection or neglect.

Carl Jung

A Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology, which emphasizes the role of the unconscious and the importance of symbolic imagery in shaping personality and behavior.

Persona

According to Jung, the public face or mask that an individual presents to the world.

Shadow

According to Jung, the dark and unconscious aspects of the personality that are typically repressed and projected onto others.

Anima

According to Jung, the feminine aspects of the male psyche.

Animus

According to Jung, the masculine aspects of the female psyche.

Self

According to Jung, the center of the personality that represents the integration of all aspects of the psyche.

Personal unconscious

According to Jung, the part of the psyche that contains individual experiences and memories that are not currently in awareness.

Collective unconscious

According to Jung, the deeper, inherited layer of the unconscious that contains archetypes and universal symbols.

Archetypes

Universal, symbolic patterns and images that are present in the collective unconscious and shape human behavior and experience.

Inferiority complex

a psychological condition characterized by a person's intense feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt, often leading to a sense of inferiority and a desire to compensate for perceived deficiencies.

Humanistic

a psychological perspective that emphasizes the importance of subjective experience, personal growth, and the inherent worth and dignity of each individual. Humanistic psychologists believe that people have the capacity to make choices and to realize their full potential.

Self-actualization

a term coined by Abraham Maslow to describe the process of fulfilling one's unique potential, and achieving personal growth, creativity, and self-awareness.

Carl Rogers

an American psychologist who developed person-centered therapy, a form of therapy that emphasizes the importance of empathy, acceptance, and understanding in the therapeutic relationship.

Incongruence

a state of conflict between a person's self-concept and their actual experiences, which can lead to feelings of anxiety, defensiveness, and a lack of authenticity.

Conditions of worth

expectations and standards that a person feels they must meet in order to be accepted and loved by others.

Unconditional positive regard

a concept introduced by Carl Rogers that refers to the acceptance and support given to a person regardless of their behavior or choices.

Collectivistic cultures

cultures in which the needs and goals of the group are prioritized over the needs and goals of the individual.

Individualistic cultures

cultures in which the needs and goals of the individual are prioritized over the needs and goals of the group.

Social-cognitive theories

theories that emphasize the reciprocal relationship between a person's behavior, environment, and cognitive processes, and how they influence each other.

Albert Bandura

a Canadian psychologist who is best known for his social learning theory, which suggests that people learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others.

Explanatory styles

the habitual way in which a person explains the causes of events in their life.

Locus of control theory

a theory that suggests that people differ in the extent to which they believe they have control over their life outcomes, and that this belief affects their behavior and well-being.

Julian Rotter

an American psychologist who developed the concept of locus of control and introduced the idea of the "psychological situation" in which a person's behavior is influenced by their perceptions of the environment.

Internal locus of control

the belief that a person's actions and decisions determine the outcomes they experience.

External locus of control

the belief that outside forces, such as luck or chance, determine the outcomes a person experiences.

Big Five

a theory of personality that identifies five broad dimensions of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Nomothetic analysis

an approach to studying personality that emphasizes the identification of general laws and principles that apply to a group of people.

Idiographic analysis

an approach to studying personality that emphasizes the uniqueness of each individual and their personal experiences.

Gordon Allport

an American psychologist who is considered the founder of the trait theory of personality.

Cardinal traits

traits that are so dominant that they define a person's entire personality.

Central traits

traits that are important in influencing a person's behavior, but not to the extent of cardinal traits.

Raymond Cattell

A psychologist who proposed a trait theory of personality that distinguished between source traits and surface traits. He believed that there are underlying traits or source traits that determine the expression of surface traits, which are more easily observable in behavior.

Source traits

According to Cattell's theory, the underlying and fundamental dimensions of personality that are responsible for individual differences in behavior and cognition.

Surface traits

According to Cattell's theory, the observable and superficial characteristics of behavior that are the result of interactions among source traits.

Walter Mischel

A psychologist who challenged the idea of consistency in personality traits across situations and proposed the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) model to explain how people adapt to different situations.

Eysenck Personality Inventory

A self-report questionnaire designed to measure personality traits according to Hans Eysenck's dimensions of extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism.

16 PF (Personality Factor) Questionnaire

A personality assessment tool that measures 16 personality factors, such as warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, and dominance, among others.

MMPI-2-RF

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form, a personality assessment tool that measures a range of psychological and behavioral problems, personality traits, and clinical syndromes.

Self-concept

The collection of beliefs and attitudes that an individual has about themselves, including their abilities, personality traits, values, and identity.

Self-esteem

The extent to which an individual values and accepts themselves and their abilities.

Physical self

The aspects of the self-concept related to one's physical appearance and health.

Active self

The aspects of the self-concept related to one's actions and behavior, including one's hobbies, interests, and roles.

Social self

The aspects of the self-concept related to one's relationships with others and social identity.

Psychological self

The aspects of the self-concept related to one's thoughts, emotions, and inner experiences.

Halo effect

A cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression of a person or object influences their evaluations or judgments of specific attributes or traits associated with that person or object.

Social comparison theory

A theory that proposes that individuals evaluate their own abilities, opinions, and behavior by comparing themselves to others.

Mary Rothbart

A psychologist who developed a theory of temperament that distinguished between three dimensions: surgency/extraversion, negative affectivity, and effortful control.

Surgency

A dimension of temperament that refers to an individual's approach behavior, such as their activity level, impulsivity, and positive emotionality.

Negative affect

A dimension of temperament that refers to an individual's tendency to experience negative emotions, such as fear, sadness, and anger.

Effortful control

A dimension of temperament that refers to an individual's ability to regulate their behavior and emotions, such as their attentional control, inhibitory control, and perceptual sensitivity.

Jerome Kagan

an American psychologist known for his research on child development, temperament, and the interplay between nature and nurture in shaping behavior.

Secondary traits

personality traits that are more superficial and specific to certain situations or contexts, compared to cardinal and central traits that are more deeply ingrained and pervasive across situations.

Hans Eysenck

a German-British psychologist known for his research on intelligence and personality. He developed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) that measures individuals along three dimensions of personality: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.

Alfred Adler

an Austrian psychotherapist and psychiatrist who was one of the founders of the school of individual psychology. He believed that an individual's sense of inferiority or inadequacy is the driving force behind human behavior and motivation, and that individuals strive for superiority and personal growth.

Motivation

Motivation refers to the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.

Evolutionary theory

This theory suggests that behavior and mental processes are influenced by genetic factors that have evolved over time through the process of natural selection.

Primary drives

These are basic physiological needs, such as hunger and thirst, that are essential for survival.

Secondary drive

These are learned needs, such as the desire for money or social status, which are not necessary for survival but are still important to an individual.

Olds and Milner

James Olds and Peter Milner were researchers who discovered that rats would repeatedly press a lever to self-stimulate a region of their brain called the "pleasure center," which suggested the existence of reward circuits in the brain.

Instinct theory

This theory suggests that behavior is motivated by innate, biologically determined patterns of behavior.

Arousal theory

This theory suggests that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson law

This law suggests that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance on a task, and that the relationship between arousal and performance is curvilinear.

Opponent process theory

This theory suggests that emotions have pairs of opposites (e.g. pleasure and pain) and that the stronger the emotion, the stronger the opposite emotion will be.

Drive-reduction theory

This theory suggests that behavior is motivated by the need to reduce physiological drives, such as hunger or thirst.

Homeostasis

This refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

Set point

This refers to the optimal level of functioning or stability in the body.

Hypothalamus

This is a small region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating basic physiological processes, including hunger, thirst, and sex.

Ventromedial hypothalamus

This region of the hypothalamus is involved in suppressing hunger.

Lateral hypothalamus

This region of the hypothalamus is involved in stimulating hunger.

Leptin

This is a hormone that is produced by fat cells and helps regulate hunger.

Blood glucose

This is a measure of the amount of sugar in the blood and is important for regulating hunger.

Glucostatic hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that hunger is regulated by fluctuations in blood glucose levels.

Insulin

This is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is involved in hunger and eating.

Lipostatic hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that hunger is regulated by the body's fat stores.

Anorexia nervosa

This is an eating disorder characterized by a persistent restriction of food intake and an intense fear of gaining weight.

Body dysmorphia

This is a mental disorder characterized by a distorted body image and an obsessive preoccupation with perceived flaws or defects in one's appearance.

Bulimia nervosa

This is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging through vomiting, laxatives, or other means.

Pituitary gland

This is a gland located at the base of the brain that produces and releases hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and reproduction.

Androgens

These are male sex hormones, such as testosterone, that are important for the development of male sexual characteristics.