scioly Bucket B

Steps for the public health approach

Surveillance, Risk factor identification, Intervention Evaluation, Implementation

Public Heath

The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for prevention and control

Who has authority based on the Constitution

States (interstate commerce clause, General welfare clause)

When can CDC come in for a public health risk

(disease or condition has interstate implications , invited by a state)

State-Based Notifiable Disease Surveillance Systems

Mandated by state law or regulation

Health care providers, hospitals, and laboratories are required to report cases to the local health department (LHD)

The LHD is usually responsible for case investigation and action

The LHD forwards the disease report to the state health department

The state health department assists the LHD as needed

Passive Surveillance

Diseases are reported by health care providers

Simple and inexpensive

Limited by incompleteness of reporting and variability of quality

Active Surveillance

Health agencies contact health providers seeking reports

Ensures more complete reporting of conditions

Used in conjunction with specific epidemiologic investigation

Sentinel Surveillance

Reporting of health events by health professionals who are selected to represent a geographic area or a specific reporting group Can be active or passive

Syndromic Surveillance

Focuses on one or more symptoms rather than a physician-diagnosed or laboratory-confirmed disease

surveillance process

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Data Interpretation

Data Dissemination

Link to Action

Reporting to the WHO is required for

cases of Internationally Notifiable Diseases 33

Smallpox

Poliomyelitis (wild type)

Human influenza caused by any new subtype

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Data to collect in surveillance process

Reported diseases or syndromes •

Electronic health records (e.g., hospital discharge data)

• Vital records (e.g., birth and death certificates)

• Registries (e.g., cancer, immunization)

• Surveys (e.g., National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES])

Data Analysis

systematically examining collected health data to spot trends, detect outbreaks, understand risk factors, and assess interventions

Data interpretation

determining person place and time is closely coupled with data analysis looking for patterns and determing what to do

Data Dissemination

Health agency newsletters, bulletins, or alerts

• Surveillance summaries and reports

• Medical and epidemiologic journal articles

• Press releases and social media

Link to Action

a process that connects data findings to necessary public health actions and interventions.