AFAM religion exam 2

Great awakening 1

1730-80s

• change church

• indevidual and experiential

• increase methodist denomination

great awakening 2

• mostly among non-church goers/believers

• millenialism (prepare for endtimes)

• huge increase baptist

• new denominations

Crisis Conversion

ability to convert while in crisis instead of needing formal teaching/training became very common during awakenings

Revivalism 

renewed religious fervour within a Christian group, church, or community

Hush Harbors

secret places enslaved people met to worship free of persection

Denomination

a sect of a religion in this case christianity like presbitarian etc

AME church

african methodist episcopal church founded in 1816 in philly in response to descrimination in white churches focused on social justice and worship 

Itinerant preacher

traveling preacher 

RIchard Allen

founder of the AME church

Jarena Lee

• interant preacher: traveling preacher

• never had her own church congregation

• often preached outside of church structures

• common preaching strat for women during 19th century

• published her religious experience, self funded, in 1838 and 1849

• Revivalism

• Denominationalism

Nat Turners Rebellion

• august 22, 1831, tuner led an armed attack on 15 white slaveholding families

• over next 24 hours, confrotations with white malitias and armed inhabitants

• october 30 tuner captured

• october 31: charged with rebel and making insurrection

• november 5: trial, convicted, sentenced to death

• november 11: turner hung

• white retaliation: as many of 120 enslaved and free black people were killed in retaliation

• sourthern states passed laws prohibiting education, assembly, and worship without a white minister

Nat Turner

tuner led an armed attack on 15 white slaveholding families

Thomas Gray

impoverished lawyer in Southampton, visited nat turner while in jail and wrote a pamphlet with sold 25,000 copies but written in a way to be palletable by whites, who basically said turner was crazy and this was an isolated event 

Sojourner Truth

• historical character - isabella van wagner and symbolic figure - sojourner truth

Historical character- a real complex woman, born enslaved in the hudson river valley around 1979, who created sojourner truth at a specifically historical juncture

• abused and enslaved as a child

• oppressed work

• determined litigant

• strategic when a public figure

Symbolic Figure- persona filling a need

Truth’s 3 Ways of Knowing

• observation

• divine inspiration

• Reading

Symbolic figure vs. historical character

Sojurner Truth os a symboliic figure that was needed at the time and isabella van wagner is the historical character aka a real complex woman born int slavery 

Frederick Douglass

douglass believed majority of southern religion was to cover up and justify violence and horrible crimes also that religion is another form of enslavement

religious slave owners would find anything to justify whipping a slave, if it “looked like the devil was in him” or the slave looked unhappy or tired or ill any minor thing would call for a whipping in order to maintain authority given by god

douglass tought slaves at his new work under Mr.freeland to read and learn the bible on sundays when they didnt work in secret

David Walker 

abolitionist and writer

Jermain Loguen

Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and an author of a slave narrative

White Paternalism

• polictical and theological position

• using god and the bible to justify

key tenets of paternalism

• argued enslavment was beneficial for enslaved people

• argued enslaved people were not equipped to live on their own

• argued enslavers could provide for the needs of enslaved people

• enslaved people could be obedient because of god not the whip

• primary way white people came to justify enslavement

• promoted in politics and churches

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

• two furgive slave acts: 1793 and 1850 - part of the Compromise of 1850

Key components:

• required the federal government actively intervene to help enslavers - federal marshals could be fined 1,000 for not capturing

• specials commissioners were given jurisdiction : paid 5 dollars if sided with accused and 10 dollars if sided with enslaver

• no testifying or trial by jury for accused

Results: 1850-1860

• 343 appeared before commissioner

• 323 returned/sent into slavery

The Slave Narrative

written as a memoir by jermaine loguen of his life as a slave

Jim/Jane Crow

informal to formal state support of racial inequality
and violence against Black Americans
- Conjunction of state and individual action
- 1896-1965??? Many other scholars have asked folks to question if
Jim Crow America has ended, or in what ways it hasn't

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

post emancipation proclamation a series of laws passed by Congress that divided the former Confederate states into five military districts. To be readmitted to the Union, each state had to draft a new constitution granting voting rights to African American men, ratify the 14th Amendment, and gain approval from Congress.

13th amendment

abolished slavery except as punishment for crimes where the individual was duly convicted

14th amendement 

granted citizenship to all those born in the US, naturalization

15th amendment

banned denying people the right to vote based on race or previous indentured servitude

aspects of jim crow

Legally sanctioned inequality and violence towards Black Americans.
Deemed constitutional
- Sometimes formal, sometimes informal (social gatherings, ways of
interacting, expectations in public places.
- Fully the state, fully enacted by the people
- Segregation, dismantling voting rights and access, violence

psychiatry of jim crow

White people were using language of insanity to advocate for banning of
Black religious gatherings. Connecting Black religion to insanity argues that Black
Americans are not able to be functional and trustworthy members of society (white
paternalism). Especially dangerously, this is happening in the realm of science and
medicine, which are portrayed as neutral/objective – even though we can look back and
see that this is clearly prejudiced.

the children of the wilderness

religious community in liberty county with numerous leaders who were all institutionalized or killed or both, for “religious fanaticism” that white enlsavers used as an excuse to institutionalize the group into doing labor and re gain control after emancipation 

Ideas of “mental normalcy”

medical
understandings of a normal/healthy mental state were fundamentally connected to
whiteness
o “Pathologized Black religious beliefs, sensibilities, practices, and social
organizations” – ‘pathologized’ means to identify something as unwell or
abnormal; Black religion was identified as a symptom of mental illness

Holiness

Formed in 18th century, with 2 parts to journey

1. First Work of grace (justification)

• crisis conversion, born again, -evangelicals

2. sanctification

• second crisis experience, Sanctification
  • Second crisis experience
  • Perfection of Christian character
  • Indwelling of the Holy Spirit
  • HOLINESS CHURCHES

  
  

Sanctification

Cleansing of all sin.
• Note: different definition of ‘sin,’ in which only intentional
sins are sins.
• “Perfectionism”
• Indwelling of the Holy Spirit

Amanda Berry Smith

•Born 1837 into enslavement.
•Father (Samuel) purchased family’s freedom.
•1855: Smith dreamed of preaching at a camp meeting
and awoke converted.
•Studied with Phoebe Palmer.
•Preached, known for singing voice, founded
orphanages for Black American children.

The Apostolic Faith

Holy Ghost baptism
Evidence (often) speaking in
tongues
HOLINESS PENTECOSTALS

Holy ghost baptism

spiritual bapstism not physical, involves chanting not dipping in holy water

The Azusa Street revival

Charles Parham and William Seymour
• Azusa Street—1906-1913 on Azusa Street in Los Angeles
• Responses to Azusa Street—derogatory about ecstatic worship practices
and interracial worship

William Seymour

Founder of holiness and azusa street revival 

Speaking in tongues

In Pentecostalism, speaking in tongues is often seen as a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and power in a believer's life. It is considered a way to pray, praise, and communicate with God privately

The Great Migration

The movement of 6 million Black
Americans out of the rural Southern United
States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and
West between 1910 and 1970

Storefront church

when moving to the north there werent many church buildings so people created churches in stores on the street

Bishop Ida B. Robinson

Born 1891 in Hazelhurst,
Georgia
• Relocated to Pensacola
• At 17, street meeting with
Church of God (not COGIC,
still Holiness-Pentecostal)
• Inspired to become an
evangelist
• Left Florida during the Great
Migration

Holy drag

modest clothing- Style of dress is another example of how practitioners attended to
the family and used holiness as a mechanism for its overall safety and preservation.

Mount Sinai Holy Church of America

1924: Founded the Mount
Sinai Holy Church.
• Founded so women could
freely participate in all levels
of ministry.
35
“Bishop Robinson to Speak,” The Morning
News, Wilmington, Delaware, July 25 1939.

Prophetic social consciousness

take notice of the
world in which she and her congregants lived, (2) assume a sense of responsi-
bility for ameliorating social and cultural woes that oppressed the community,
and (3) fight the evils of systemic racism, poverty, and the like.20 Moreover, from
Turner we gather that as black and holy people, Robinson’s followers would
have been called upon to sacrifice time, money, and resources to ensure that
the gospel was preached, schools were erected, and “the world [was] helped.”
Essentially, as black and holy people, they were to focus on a life of sobriety,
“strict discipline, [and] deep devotion,” but also social responsibility and self-
less service.21 For these reasons, it comes as no surprise that Robins

Father Divine

• very little known about early life or birth name

• parents probably free black americans former slaves

• 1913: preached in the south, following of mostly black women - celibacy, rejection of gender roles

• 1914: brooklyn, formed a commune

-no sex, alcohol, tabacco, gambling

-married mother devine

International Peace Mission Movement

• communal group communes (”heavens”) : brooklyn NY, Sayville NY, Philly PA

• Woodmont: PM “Heaven” came later and was most controversial

Core beliefs:

• father devine is god

• celibacy

• reducing racial barriers

• holy communion: huge free feasts to anybody who wanted to come with a religious lecture from father devine, radical act in the 1920s-30s-40s due to great depression and jim crow

• a version of New Thought (Religious beliefs and practices can change the body)

IPMM Holy Communion

huge free feast open to all which was controversial

Noble Drew Ali

Inventor of the Moorish Science Temple of America, who was followed by the FBI for a long time and died under mysterious circumstances

Moorish Science Temple of America

Formed in 1920s chicago, muslim, uses the Holy Koran text and believes in embracing Asiatic and Moorish (morraccan) heritage to claim equality,

The FBI and MSTA

• 1931: j edgar hoover comes to 2 conclusions about msta members

  • racial insurgants

  • mentally imbalanced

• 1931: agent in disguise intervewed jt bey who explains

  • msta commited to restoring moorish heretige

  • race equality

• 1940s: increase survelance and accusattions of threat to national securty

  • despite: cooperation of msta with local law and conformed to selective service act

• 1950s: civil righs movement

  • fbi concerned with black liberation

  • fbi infiltration and intimidation

  • considered enemies of state

MSTA identification cards

memebers issued an identification card stating that they are of asiatic or moorish descent and should be respected, modeled after a gov id, in response to jim crow

MSTA and nationalism

• embrace of us nationalism

• black Americans should enjoy membership of political body

• embracing american politics and belong in america